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The Durand Line was not intended as a permanent border, and clashes broke out in the 1950s and 1960s between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the issue.
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Durand and Line
In 1893 Mortimer Durand negotiated with Abdur Rahman Khan, the Durand Line Treaty for the demarcation of the frontier between Afghanistan, the FATA, North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan Provinces of Pakistan the successor state of British India.
This line, the Durand Line, is named after Mortimer Durand and which still remains as an unrecognized boundary by the Government of Afghanistan.
Maps showing the boundary of Afghanistan before the 1893 Durand Line | Durand Line Treaty.
For Abdur Rahman, delineating the boundary with India ( through the Pashtun area ) was far more significant, and it was during his reign that the Durand Line was drawn.
There were indications that he regarded the Durand Line as a delimitation of separate areas of political responsibility, not a permanent international frontier, and that he did not explicitly cede control over certain parts ( such as Kurram and Chitral ) that were already in British control under the Treaty of Gandamak.
The Durand Line cut through tribes and bore little relation to the realities of demography or military strategy.
Using the civil unrest in India as an excuse to move troops to the Durand Line, Afghan troops crossed the border at the western end of the Khyber Pass on 3 May 1919 and occupied the village of Bagh, the scene of an earlier uprising in April.
These actions led to the fall of Mazar-i-Sharif in the north followed by all the other cities, as the Taliban and al-Qaeda crossed over the porous Durand Line border into Pakistan.
The Afghan border with Pakistan, known as the Durand Line, was arbitrarily drawn by colonial officials of the British Empire in 1893 following the Second Afghan War.
* July 26, 1949 — Afghanistan-Pakistan relations rapidly deteriorated over a dispute, officially declared that it did not recognize the 1893 Durand Line border any longer between the two countries.
* 1893 – The treaty of the Durand Line is signed between present day Pakistan and Afghanistan ; the Durand Line has gained international recognition as an international border between the two nations.
The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many-a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e. g., that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan.
The two nations disagreed, however, on the issue that had plagued Anglo-Afghan relations for decades and would continue to cause friction for many more — authority over Pashtun tribes on both sides of the Durand Line.
Once on the other side, however, they were not allowed back and forth across the border to use British-Indian territory as a sanctuary, nor were they allowed to gather together a tribal army on the British side of the Durand Line.
After several unsuccessful attempts, Nadir and his brothers finally raised a sufficiently large force — mostly from the British side of the Durand Line — to take Kabul on October 10, 1929.
In 1961, as a result of Daoud's antagonistic policies and support to militias in areas along the Durand Line, Pakistan closed its borders with Afghanistan causing an economic crisis and greater dependence on the USSR.
Durand and was
In 1893, Mortimer Durand was deputed to Kabul by the government of British India for this purpose of settling an exchange of territory required by the demarcation of the boundary between northeastern Afghanistan and the Russian possessions, and in order to discuss with Amir Abdur Rahman Khan other pending questions.
In the year 1893, during rule of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, a Royal Commission for setting up of Boundary between Afghanistan and British Governed India was set up to negotiate terms with the British, for the agreeing to the Durand line, and the two parties camped at Parachinar, now part of FATA Pakistan, which is near Khost, Afghanistan.
From the British side the camp was attended by Mortimer Durand and Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum, Political Agent Khyber.
As such he was regarded by Berengar himself and by his opponents Dietwin of Liege ( Theodwin ), Durand of Troarne, and Humbert of Mourmoutiers.
With the creation of an independent Pakistan, the Durand line conflict with the British colonialists was inherited by the two countries.
Pashtunistan was politically divided for administration in 1893 by the Durand Line, a disputed and poorly-marked border between Afghanistan and British India.
In 1893, as part of a way for fixing the limit of their respective spheres of influence, the Durand Line Agreement was signed between Afghan " Iron " Amir Abdur Rahman and British Viceroy Mortimer Durand.
On July 26, 1949, when Afghanistan – Pakistan relations were rapidly deteriorating, a loya jirga was held in Afghanistan after a military aircraft from the Pakistan Air Force bombed a village on the Afghan side of the Durand Line.
The British demarcation established as a result by the Durand Line was a deliberate strategy designed to divide the Pashtun territory along the border region of Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Boyer was born in Figeac, Lot, Midi-Pyrénées, France, the son of Augustine Louise Durand and Maurice Boyer, a merchant.
It was not until the 1950s that French film enthusiasts Jean Gaborit and Jacques Durand, with Renoir's cooperation, were able to reconstruct a near-complete print of the film.
Durand was named for congressman George Durand.
Randolph was incorporated in 1824, after being originally granted as " Durand " in 1772.
The United Kingdom imposed minor sanctions and diplomatic slights as a response to the treaty, fearing that Amanullah was slipping out of their sphere of influence and realising that the policy of the Afghanistan government was to have control of all of the Pashtun speaking groups on both sides of the Durand Line.
It was formally established after the 1893 Durand Line Agreement between a representative of colonial British India and Afghan Amir Abdur Rahman Khan for fixing the limit of their respective spheres of influence.
It is named after Henry Mortimer Durand, who was the Foreign Secretary of British India at the time.
The single-page agreement which contains seven short articles was signed by H. M. Durand and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, agreeing not to exercise interference beyond the frontier line between Afghanistan and the adjoining regions of what was then colonial British India ( now Pakistan ).
Durand and intended
Some scholars have suggested that the Durand Line was never intended to be a boundary demarcating sovereignty, but rather a line of control beyond which either side agreed not to interfere unless there were an expedient need to do so.
Durand and permanent
Sixty percent of the Afghan population is Pakhtun ( Pathan ) and Afghanistan has steadfastly refused to accept the old Afghan-British Durand line of 1893 as a suitable permanent boundary between the Pathans of Afghanistan and of Pakistan, while Pakistan refused to draw a new frontier.
Durand and border
Although the Pashtuns are politically separated by the Durand Line between Pakistan and Afghanistan, many Pashtun tribes from the FATA area and the adjacent regions of Afghanistan, tend to ignore the border and cross back and forth with relative ease to attend weddings, family functions and take part in the joint tribal councils known as jirgas.
Afghanistan before the 1893 controversial Durand Line border
He often describes his nation and Pakistan as " inseparable twin brothers ", a reference to the disputed Durand Line border between the two states.
Sitting near the Durand Line border with Afghanistan and close to Kandahar province, Quetta is a trade and communications center between the two countries as well as an important military location which occupies a strategic position for the Pakistani Armed Forces.
The border between Pakistan and Afghanistan is called the Durand Line, named after the Foreign Secretary of ( British Raj | British ) India Mortimer Durand in 1893.
The Durand Line (, ) refers to the international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
The Durand Line cuts through the Pashtun tribal areas, dividing ethnic Pashtuns on both sides of the border.
Durand Line border between Afghanistan and Pakistan ( in red ).
Central Intelligence Agency | CIA-funded and Inter-Services Intelligence | ISI-trained Mujahideen # Afghanistan | mujahideen fighters crossing the Durand Line border to fight the Soviet forces and the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan | Afghan government in 1985.
Afghan Geodesy and Cartography Head Office ( AGCHO ) depicts the line on their maps as a de facto border, including naming the " Durand Line 2310 km ( 1893 )" as an " International Boundary Line " on their home page.
The Pashtun dominated Government of Afghanistan not only refuses to recognize the Durand Line as the international border between the two countries, it claims that the Pashtun territories of Pakistan rightly belong to Afghanistan.
Pashtun politicians in both countries strenuously object to even the existence of the Durand Line border.
While most of the time the Taliban cross the Durand Line from Pakistan into Afghanistan and carry out attacks inside Afghan cities, sometimes they cross from the Afghan side of the border and attack Pakistani security forces.
At the same time, the United States is reviewing the Reconstruction Opportunity Zones ( ROZ ) Act in Washington, D. C., which is supposed to help the economic status of the Pashtun and Baloch tribes by providing jobs to a large number of the population on both sides of the Durand Line border.
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