* Emitter-coupled logic ( ECL ) gate arrays-no longer common

The Cray-1 used only four different IC types, an ECL dual 5-4 NOR gate ( one 5-input, and one 4-input, each with differential output ), another slower MECL 10K 5-4 NOR gate used for address fanout, a 16 × 4-bit high speed ( 6 ns ) static RAM ( SRAM ) used for registers, and a 1, 024 × 1-bit 50 ns SRAM used for the main memory.

It used newer 20, 000-gate CMOS and 10, 000-gate emitter-coupled logic ( ECL ) gate arrays for a boost in clock speed from 10 MHz to 25 MHz, and rated at 50 MFLOPS peak for double precision per CPU ( 100 MFLOPS peak for single precision ).

It was built from three boards of ECL gate array chips ( with TTL pinout ).

In 1989 Tandem introduced the NonStop Cyclone, a fast but expensive system for the mainframe end of the market. Each self-checking CPU took three boards full of hot-running ECL gate array chips, plus memory boards.

Motorola ECL 10, 000 basic gate circuit diagram

In ECL, the transistors are never in saturation, the input / output voltages have a small swing ( 0. 8 V ), the input impedance is high and the output resistance is low ; as a result, the transistors change states quickly, gate delays are low, and the fanout capability is high.

A variation of ECL in which all signal paths and gate inputs are differential is known as differential current switch ( DCS ) logic.

By 1971, the Illiac IV supercomputer, which was the fastest computer in the world for several years, used about a quarter-million small-scale ECL logic gate integrated circuits to make up sixty-four parallel data processors.

The X-MP-succeeding Cray Y-MP series was announced in 1988 ; it also had a new design, replacing the 16-gate ECL gate arrays with a more compact VLSI gate array with larger circuit boards.

The Cyber 205 replaced the STAR vector pipeline with redesigned vector pipelines: both scalar and vector units utilized ECL gate array ICs and were cooled with Freon.

Present-day " building block " logic gate ICs are based on the ECL, TTL, CMOS, and BiCMOS families.

The logic circuits were based on ECL integrated circuits ( ICs ), whereas many machines of the era still relied on individual transistors or low-speed ICs.

Texas Instruments was contracted for the ECL based ICs.

The Cray-1 had a CPU that was mostly constructed of SSI and MSI ECL ICs.

TTL circuits simplified design of systems compared to earlier logic families, offering superior speed to resistor – transistor logic ( RTL ) and easier design layout than emitter-coupled logic ( ECL ).

Designers can combine ECL and TTL devices in the same system to achieve best overall performance and economy, but level-shifting devices are required between the two logic families.

Cheetah was originally planned to be manufactured using bipolar emitter-coupled logic ( ECL ) technology, but by 1984 complementary metal – oxide – semiconductor ( CMOS ) technology afforded an increase in the level of circuit integration while improving transistor-logic performance.

The concept, proposed in 1958, pioneered Emitter-coupled logic ( ECL ) circuitry, pipelining, and transistor memory with a design goal of 100x speedup compared to ILLIAC I.

In electronics, emitter-coupled logic ( ECL ) is a high-speed integrated circuit bipolar transistor logic family.

As the current is steered between two legs of an emitter-coupled pair, ECL is sometimes called current-steering logic ( CSL ),

Yourke's current switch, also known as ECL, was a differential amplifier, and the input logic levels were different from the output logic levels.

Amdahl engineers, working with Fujitsu circuit designers, developed unique air-cooled chip designs using high speed ECL ( emitter-coupled logic ) circuit macros packaged in a chip with a heat-dissipating cooling attachment ( looked like the heat-dissipating fins on a motorcycle engine ) mounted directly to the top of the chip.

* Emitter-coupled logic ( ECL )

The families ( RTL, DTL, and ECL ) were derived from the logic circuits used in early computers, originally implemented using discrete components.

ECL is used for very high-speed applications because of its price and power demands, while NMOS logic is mainly used in VLSI circuits applications such as CPUs and memory chips which fall outside of the scope of this article.

The ECL family, ECL is also known as current-mode logic ( CML ), was invented by IBM as current steering logic for use in the transistorized IBM 7030 Stretch computer, where it was implemented using discrete components.

This mode is used in differential switches and ECL gates.

That is why it is used to form emitter-coupled amplifiers ( avoiding Miller effect ), phase splitter circuits ( obtaining two inverse voltages ), ECL gates and switches ( avoiding transistor saturation ), etc.

This situation is typical for over-driven transistor differential amplifiers and ECL gates.

The same idea is used later for building DCTL, ECL, some TTL ( 7450, 7460 ), NMOS and CMOS gates.

Funding the R & D costs of multiple ECL projects yielding products that would ultimately compete against each other was a strain.

The campus is home to the Faculty of Education, Community and Leisure ( ECL ) and has around 2, 000 students each year.

ECL then compiles Lisp code to C, compiles the C code with a C compiler and can then load the resulting machine code.

* DECSYSTEM-2040: ECL processor with up to 1024 kilowords of magnetic core RAM

* DECSYSTEM-2050: ECL processor with 2K words of cache and up to 1024 kilowords of RAM

* DECSYSTEM-2060: ECL processor with 2k words of cache and up to 4096 kilowords of solid state memory

Ecole Centrale de Lyon, or as sometimes referred to ECL, has strong ties with top institutions in Europe including Imperial College London and Darmstadt University of Technology.

Contractualised with CNRS and three establishments in Lyon ( ECL, INSA, UCBL ), Ampere has over 160 employees

The ECL also has a Ph. D. program for students with a master's level.

ECL uses an overdriven BJT differential amplifier with single-ended input and limited emitter current to avoid the saturated ( fully on ) region of operation and its slow turn-off behavior.

The high power consumption associated with ECL has meant that it has been used mainly when high speed is a vital requirement.

Re-implementation of the Elbrus 1 architecture with faster ECL chips.

In 2004 New Zealand Post announced the formation of Express Couriers Ltd ( ECL ), a 50: 50 joint venture with DHL.

* Kansas City Monarchs ( NNL ) defeats Hilldale ( ECL ) 5 games to 4 with 1 tie in the first official Negro League World Series.

* The Eastern Colored League ( ECL ) plays its first season with six teams: Hilldale Daisies, Brooklyn Royal Giants, Cuban Stars ( East ), New York Lincoln Giants, Atlantic City Bacharach Giants, and Baltimore Black Sox.

Raleigh " Biz " Mackey is the batting leader in the ECL with Jesse " Nip " Winters leading in most pitching categories.

The ECL was founded in 1923 when the Philadelphia-area Hilldale Club and the Bacharach Giants of Atlantic City, both associate members of the midwest-based Negro National League ( NNL ), broke with the NNL and allied with the white promoter Nat Strong to form an east coast league.

Next winter the American Negro League was established by five former ECL teams — the Bacharach Giants of Atlantic City, the Baltimore Black Sox, the traveling Cuban Stars, the Hilldale Club of Darby, Pennsylvania, and the Lincoln Giants of New York City — along with the Homestead Grays, an important independent club, and a revived version of the Harrisburg Giants.