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The Egyptian contingent, the largest and best-equipped of the Ottoman fleet at Navarino, had been trained by a team of French officers, under the overall direction of Capt J-M. Letellier.
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Egyptian and contingent
During the summer of 1172, a Nubian army along with a contingent of Armenian refugees were reported on the Egyptian border, preparing for a siege against Aswan.
As the Hittite forces approached the Egyptian camp again, the Ne ' arin troop contingent from Amurru suddenly arrived, this time surprising the Hittites.
The Allied Egyptian Expeditionary Force, in the XX Corps, XXI Corps, Desert Mounted Corps and Chaytor's Force were composed mainly of British Indian Army infantry and cavalry with British, Australian and New Zealand troops, and detachments of West Indian and Jewish troops and a French and Armenian contingent, launched a series of attacks against the extensive front line.
Its last major engagements was Operation Desert Storm, the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991, in which Egyptian army constituted the second largest contingent of allied forces.
Egyptian and largest
The British Museum houses the world's largest and most comprehensive collection of Egyptian antiquities, over 100, 000 pieces, outside the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
The seven permanent Egyptian galleries at the British Museum, which include its largest exhibition space ( Room 4, for monumental sculpture ), can display only 4 % of its Egyptian holdings.
Today, Cairo is the centre for many government offices governing the Egyptian educational system, has the largest number of educational schools, and higher learning institutes among other cities and governorates of Egypt.
The largest are Freedom and Justice Party, al-Nour Party, New Wafd Party, Free Egyptians Party, Justice Party, Wasat Party, Egyptian Social Democratic Party, and Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution.
The Egyptian Armed Forces are the largest in Africa, and the Arab World, and is the 10th largest in the world, consisting of the Egyptian Army, Egyptian Navy, Egyptian Air Force and Egyptian Air Defense Command.
The Egyptian Air Force has 216 F-16s ( plus 20 on order ) making it the 4th largest operator of the F-16 in the World.
The Egyptian Navy is known to be the strongest in the African continent, and the largest in the Middle East in spite of the rapid growth of other countries ' navies within the region.
The Red Pyramid of Egypt ( c. 26th century BC ), named for the light crimson hue of its exposed granite surfaces, is the third largest of Egyptian pyramids.
Great Britain had bought the Egyptian share from Isma ' il Pasha and was the second largest owner of the canal before the crisis.
The collection, among the world's largest, overviews Egyptian life spanning Ancient Egypt, the Middle Kingdom, the New Kingdom, Coptic art, and the Roman, Ptolemaic, and Byzantine periods.
The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids — huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the world's largest constructions.
This includes approximately 20, 000 ancient Egyptian artifacts, the largest Egyptian collection west of Chicago.
In the Old Kingdom of Egypt, the Egyptian pyramids were constructed and would remain the tallest and largest human constructions for thousands of years.
Egyptian and Ottoman
* 1824 – Greek War of Independence: Constantine Kanaris leads a Greek fleet to victory against Ottoman and Egyptian ships in the Battle of Samos.
With most of the strategic reserve sent to the Western Front, an Egyptian Expeditionary Force of two British infantry and one Australian and New Zealand mounted division in Eastern Force, successfully defend the Suez Canal and Romani in 1916 from German and Ottoman incursions.
As a result of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's capture of two Ottoman armies, an armistice with the Ottoman Empire was signed on 31 October 1918.
In Egypt the New Zealand Mounted Rifles and Australian Light Horse of Anzac Mounted Division operating as mounted infantry, drove German and Ottoman forces back from Romani to Magdhaba and Rafa and out of the Egyptian Sinai Peninsular in 1916.
A series of coordinated attacks by these Egyptian Expeditionary Force infantry and mounted troops were also successful at the Battle of Mughar Ridge, during which the British infantry divisions and the Desert Mounted Corps drove two Ottoman armies back to the Jaffa — Jerusalem line.
* 1832 – Egyptian – Ottoman War: Egyptian forces decisively defeat Ottoman troops at the Battle of Konya.
The Ottoman state maintained control over much of the northern coastal areas for nearly three hundred years, leaving their possessions ( the province of Habesh ), to their Egyptian heirs in 1865 before being given to the Italians in 1885.
Its history is important to understanding the origin and development of the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Canaanite, Israeli, Phoenician, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Christian and Islamic cultures.
During the rule of Ibrahim Pasha ( 1830 – 1840 ), the Egyptian general, over much of Ottoman Syria, Nazareth was open to European missionaries and traders.
In addition to periods of direct rule by Egyptian governments ( including the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, and the modern Egyptian republic ), it was like the rest of Egypt, also occupied and controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and the United Kingdom ( which occupied Egypt from 1882 until 1956 ).
In 1906, the Ottoman Porte formally transferred administration of Sinai to the Egyptian government, which essentially meant that it fell under the control of the United Kingdom, who had occupied and largely controlled Egypt since 1882.
Non-Christian faiths have historically integrated well with scientific ideas, as in the ancient Egyptian technological mastery applied to monotheistic ends, the flourishing of logic and mathematics under Hinduism and Buddhism, and the scientific advances made by Muslim scholars during the Ottoman empire.
Egypt had recently become a British puppet state, its army led by British officers, although still nominally under the sovereignty of the Khedive ( Egyptian monarch ) and his nominal overlord the ( Ottoman ) Sultan of Turkey.
It was felt that a likely consequence, intended or not, was Egyptian secession from the Ottoman Empire ( which indeed eventually happened ).
On 18 October, after futile attempts to contact Ibrahim Pasha, Codrington, in conference with his Allied colleagues, took the fateful decision to enter Navarino bay and anchor his ships face-to-face with the Ottoman / Egyptian fleet.
The day before the battle, De Rigny persuaded these officers to withdraw from the Egyptian fleet so as to avoid the possibility of fighting against their own navy ( they moved to an Austrian brig that was in the bay, ostensibly neutral but in reality providing logistical support for Ottoman operations ).
# Codrington's Asia ( 84 ) was anchored between Ottoman admiral Capitana Bey's flagship, battleship Fahti Bahri ( 74 ), and Egyptian Moharram Bey's frigate Guerrière ( 60 ).
This contributed to the horrendous Ottoman and Egyptian casualty figures, as many men were trapped in burning or exploding vessels.
Eager to court popularity, de Martignac announced in April 1828 that, in view of the failure of diplomatic efforts, France would despatch an expeditionary force of 13, 000 elite troops to expel the Egyptian and Ottoman forces from the Peloponnese.
Egyptian and fleet
The first large-scale naval battle where triremes participated was the Battle of Lade during the Ionian Revolt, where the combined fleets of the Greek Ionian cities were defeated by the Persian fleet, composed of squadrons from their Phoenician, Carian, Cypriot and Egyptian subjects.
* The Egyptian fleet ( 60 warships ), including Cleopatra's treasure ship retreats to Taenarus, Antony transferred his flag to a smaller vessel and breaks through Octavian's line.
* 454 BC: Athens loses a fleet and possibly as many as 50 000 men in a failed attempt to aid an Egyptian revolt against Persia.
* The Venetian fleet defeats the Egyptian fleet off Ascalon.
Over the years, the power of the Knights declined ; their reign ended in 1798 when Napoleon Bonaparte's expeditionary fleet stopped off there en route to his Egyptian expedition.
* Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there.
* The destruction of the Egyptian fleet by the Macedonians ends the naval supremacy of the Ptolemies but does not force them to relinquish their territories in Syria and the Aegean Sea.
* By defeating the Egyptian fleet at Andros, Antigonus II is able to maintain his control over the Aegean Sea.
* Although the Egyptian fleet blockades the Saronic Gulf, the Macedonian King Antigonus II defeats the Spartans and kills the King of Sparta, Areus I near Corinth, after which he besieges Athens.
Once again, Antony loses when Cleopatra's ships break off action and flee – his own fleet surrenders, and he denounces Cleopatra: " This foul Egyptian hath betrayed me.
* After the Egyptian fleet participates decisively in the liberation of Athens from Macedonian occupation, Ptolemy obtains the protectorate over the League of Islanders, which includes most of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea.
The French position in the line had been specifically determined so that they would face the Egyptian fleet, which had been trained by the French and might be reluctant to fight against Egypt's closest European ally.
In 1103 Baldwin besieged Acre, without success as it was relieved by an Egyptian fleet.
In 1300, de Molay and other forces from Cyprus put together a small fleet of 16 ships which committed raids along the Egyptian and Syrian coasts.
Following news that combined Ottoman – Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman – Egyptian fleet at Navarino.
Following a week long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman – Egyptian fleet.
At Navarino, on October 20, 1827, the allied powers crushed the combined Ottoman / Egyptian fleet in a spectacular victory which forcefully and effectively created an independent Greek state.
1.353 seconds.