Throughout its history, the dynasty, as well as being Emperors of the French, held various other titles and territories including ; their ancestral nation the Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom of Westphalia, Kingdom of Holland and the Kingdom of Naples.

In the four protectorates, the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the Emperors of Vietnam, Kings of Cambodia, and Kings of Luang Prabang, but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads.

As such, they are the distant relations of the Belgian, Danish, Greek, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish Royal Families, and bear lineage from, amongst others, Arab, Armenian, Cuman, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Mongolian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Serbian, and Swedish ethnicities, as well as, according to Moroccan and Chinese officials, respectively, being directly descended from the Prophet Muhammad and Tang Dynasty Chinese Emperors.

Originally, the Dauphin was personally responsible for the rule of the Dauphiné, which was legally part of the Holy Roman Empire, and which the Emperors, in gifting the rule of the province to the French heirs, had stipulated must never be united with France.

( At these years the French Kingdom was literally surrounded by the Habsburg realms as they were the Kings of Spain as well as Holy Roman Emperors.

The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of Napoleon's greatest victories, where the French Empire effectively crushed the Third Coalition.

Eight large paintings were placed in gilded frames above the stone pediments and busts, including three of the Stuart and French Royal family, one executed by Sir Godfrey Kneller of Lord Burlington and his sisters, and popular mythological scenes such as " Daphne and Apollo " and " The Judgment of Paris " Twelve antique busts of Roman and Greek figures, such as Emperors, poets, politicians and generals were also positioned on gilded brackets designed by Lord Burlington ..

Emperors Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị and Tự Đức, were opposed to French involvement in the country and tried to reduce the growing Catholic community in Vietnam at that time.

For examples, see List of British monarchs, List of French Monarchs, List of German Kings and Emperors, various other lists of medieval rulers, to be found at Lists of incumbents, and King Henry.

It was ruled by the Habsburg Emperors, the last one Francis II, until in 1794 the Austrian Netherlands were occupied by the French First Republic in 1794.

Despite the beginnings of rapid demographic and economic recovery after the Black Death of the 14th century, the gains of the previous half-century were to be jeopardised by a further protracted series of conflicts, the Italian Wars ( 1494 – 1559 ), where French efforts to gain dominance ended in the increased power of the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors of Germany.

* House of Guise ; Although the Dukes of Lorraine exercised continental independence, nominally they were vassals of the Holy Roman Emperors and their geo-political importance resided less in the size of their realm than in their crucial location between the competing French and German nations.

# Partition of the Empire by the French and Venetians – Five Latin Emperors of the Houses of Flanders and Courtenay – Their Wars Against the Bulgarians and Greeks – Weakness and Poverty of the Latin Empire – Recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks – General Consequences of Crusades – Digression – The Courtenays

Some old feudal families obtained the title of Baron or Baroness for all their descendants, while older nobility, having been granted their titles by either the Holy Roman Emperors or French Kings long before 1814, held their pre-existent titles.

However this ceremonial way of life came under stress as the military crisis deepened, and never revived after the interlude of the Western Emperors following the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204 ; in the late period a French visitor was shocked to see the Empress riding in the street with fewer attendants and less ceremony than a Queen of France would have had.

French efforts to gain dominance resulted only in the increased power of the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors of Germany.

Stilicho is alleged by some to have wanted control of both Emperors, and is supposed to have had Rufinus assassinated by Gothic mercenaries in 395 ; though definite proof of Stilicho's involvement in the assassination is lacking, the intense competition and political jealousies engendered by the two figures compose the main thread of the first part of Arcadius ' reign.

St Athanasius ' long episcopate lasted 45 years ( c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373 ) of which over 17 years were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman Emperors, not counting approximately six more incidents in which he had to flee Alexandria for his own safety to escape people seeking to take his life.

The Holy Roman Emperors had a hand in choosing the pontiff.

Previous Holy Roman Emperors had thought it their right, granted by God, to name the Pope, as well as other Church officials, such as bishops.

Emperors in the forty years preceding Diocletian's reign had not managed these duties so effectively, and their output in attested rescripts is low.

The importance and meaning of coronation ceremonies and regalia also varied within the tradition: for instance Holy Roman Emperors could only be crowned emperor by the pope, which meant the coronation ceremony usually took place in Rome, often several years after these emperors had ascended to the throne ( as " king ") in their home country.

The first Latin Emperors of Constantinople on the other hand had to be present in the newly conquered capital of their empire, because that was the only place where they could be granted to become emperor.

Early Roman Emperors avoided any type of ceremony or regalia different from what was already usual for republican offices in the Roman Republic: the most intrusive change had been changing the color of their robe to purple.

This policy made sense not simply because the unhappy fates of several Emperors previous to this duo had made it clear that one man simply could not rule a state this size ; equally, a ' barbarian ' enemy suing for peace in this time tended to demand that they be allowed to apply to the ' chief ' or ' king ' of the victorious side.

The Emperors, however, had a policy of preserving the unity between Constantinople and Rome ; and this remained possible only if they did not swerve from the line defined at Chalcedon.

The Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors had long been interested in mercantilist policies, but the vast and decentralized nature of their empire made implementing such notions difficult.

Attempts to reconcile Germany and Russia did not have lasting effect: the Three Emperors ' League was re-established in 1881, but quickly fell apart ( the end of the Russian-Austrian-Prussian solidarity which had existed in various forms since 1813 ).

( She wouldn't have precedence over the next Empress Consort, however, as only those Dowager Empresses who were mothers of Emperors had precedence over the wife of the reigning sovereign.

His forced conversions or evictions carried out in the midst of the Thirty Years ' War, which with the later general success of the Protestants therefore had greatly negative consequences for Habsburg control of the Holy Roman Empire itself, while these campaigns within the Habsburg hereditary lands were largely successful in religiously purifying his demesnes, leaving the Austrian Emperors thereafter with much greater control within their hereditary power base — although Hungary was never successfully re-Catholicized — but one much reduced in population and economic might while less vigorous and weakened as a nation-state.

Both Emperors Wen and Yang sent military expeditions into Vietnam as Annam in northern Vietnam had been incorporated into the Chinese empire over 600 years earlier during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC-220 CE ).

Marcus Aurelius was the first emperor since Vespasian to have a son of his own and, though he himself was the fifth in the line of the so-called Five Good Emperors who had each adopted their successor, it seems to have been his firm intention that Commodus should be his heir.

Unlike the preceding Emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, he seems to have had little interest in the business of administration and tended throughout his reign to leave the practical running of the state to a succession of favourites, beginning at this time with Saoterus, a freedman from Nicomedia who had become his chamberlain.

Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, had sixteen children, including Queen Marie Antoinette of France, Queen Maria Carolina of Naples, Duchess Maria Amalia of Parma and two Holy Roman Emperors, Joseph II and Leopold II.

The Council settled a set of theological controversies that go back to the sixth century but had intensified under the Emperors Heraclius ( 610 – 641 ) and Constans II ( 641 – 668 ).

The Emperors of Eastern Jin had limited power, with most of it concentrated in the royal family's hands, whilst military power was mostly wielded by non-royals.

By the end of 69, the forces of Vitellius had been beaten, and Vespasian was officially declared emperor by the Senate on 21 December, thus ending the Year of the Four Emperors.

The characters Huang ( 皇 huáng " god-king ") and Di ( 帝 dì " sage king ") had been used separately and never consecutively ( see Three August Ones and Five Emperors ).

# Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties: use era names ( reign names ) because most emperors had only one distinctive era name during their reign, e. g. Emperor Kangxi ( 康熙 kāng xī ) of Qing.

Court eunuchs had a significant role in the power structure, as Emperors often relied on a few of them as confidants, which gave them access to many court documents.

Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces.

Hildegard also wrote nearly 400 letters to correspondents ranging from Popes to Emperors to abbots and abbesses ; two volumes of material on natural medicine and cures ; an invented language called the Lingua ignota ; various minor works, including a gospel commentary and two works of hagiography ; and three great volumes of visionary theology: Scivias, Liber vitae meritorum (" Book of Life's Merits " or " Book of the Rewards of Life "), and Liber divinorum operum (" Book of Divine Works ").

Emperors Wen and Yang undertook various reforms including the Equal-field system, which was initiated to reduce the rich-poor social gap that resulted in enhanced agricultural productivity, as well as government centralisation and reforms, creating a new model of governance after centuries of division.

Much of the best work in ceramics, textiles and other techniques was produced over a long period by the various Imperial factories or workshops, which as well as being used by the court was distributed internally and abroad on a huge scale to demonstrate the wealth and power of the Emperors.

In the late Roman Empire, it became increasingly difficult for Emperors and generals to raise military units from the citizenry for various reasons: lack of manpower, lack of time available for training, lack of materials, and, inevitably, political considerations.

Oboi ( Manchu: 16px ; ) ( c. 1610 ?- 1669 ) was a highly decorated Manchu military commander and courtier who served in various military and administrative posts under three successive Emperors of the early Qing Dynasty.

The Emperors of Ethiopia had long claimed these southern regions, and various direct and tributary relations had existed prior to the invasion of Imam Ahmad Al-Ghazi.

Alternatively, a more idiomatic style may develop into an equally prestigious tradition of titles, because of the shining example of the original – thus various styles of Emperors trace back to the Roman Imperator ( strictly speaking a republican military honorific ), the family surname Caesar ( turned into an imperial title since Diocletian's Tetrarchy ).

Within the Kondo and Hondo ( the Main Hall and Buddha Hall ) of Mii-dera, there are at least six statues of the Buddha, sacred personal possessions of various Emperors, including Emperor Tenji, which are hidden away and shown only on rare, special occasions, as well as one large statue of the Miroku, or Maitreya, Buddha in the center of the Hall.

Emperors of the Principate, emulating Augustus in his fiction of a republican government, created the idea of the Emperor as a concentration of the various civil and military offices upon one individual, nevertheless hiding any autocratic or despotic connotations by the preservation of the Senate and other facets of the Republican period, such as the annual paired consulship.

Also, after the consolidation of the Empire's frontier in the reign of Augustus, the Roman forces had to contend with multiple enemies in its frontiers, in the Rhine, the Danube and Mesopotamia, with various examples of Emperors ( e. g. Septimius Severus, Aurelian ) that marched their armies from one side of the Empire to another to face them.

From the re-establishment of the Holy Roman Empire by the Salian and Saxon Emperors in the 10th and 11th centuries, the feudal system had turned Germany and northern Italy into a vast network of territories of various sizes each with its own specific privileges, titles and autonomy.

The Imperial Crypt Vaults are the various chambers of the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, Austria, in which most members of the senior lines of the Habsburg dynasty, the hereditary Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, have been entombed, beginning in 1632.