The United States might well have exploited the opportunity provided by the European Recovery Program to push the hesitant European nations toward political federation as well as economic cooperation, but all proposals to this effect were rejected by the United States Government at the time.

France and other Western European nations likewise fear a rearmed Germany.

International law had to fit the conditions of Europe, and nothing that could not fit this system, or the interests of the great European nations collectively, could possibly emerge as law in any meaningful sense.

On the one hand, the major European nations had to maintain vis-a-vis each other an emphasis upon sovereignty, independence, formal equality -- thus insuring for themselves individually an optimal freedom of action to maintain the `` flexibility of alignment '' that the system required and to avoid anything approaching a repetition of the disastrous Napoleonic experience.

Thus, theory and doctrine applicable among the great nations and the smaller European states did not really comfortably fit less developed and less powerful societies elsewhere.

One effect of the proposal, which puts a premium on population instead of economic strength, as in the past, would be to take jobs from European nations and give more to such countries as India.

In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the “ custom of nations ” demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain.

The Minsk Group is currently co-chaired by Russia, France, and the United States and has representation from Turkey, the U. S., several European nations, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity, and civil wars, in 1532 the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed of tens of thousands allies from nations they had subjugated ( e. g. Huancas, Chachapoyas, Cañaris ) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro.

Waldorf schools receive full or partial governmental funding in some European nations, Australia and in parts of the United States ( as Waldorf method public or charter schools ).

It ended with an agreement to exile 13 of the wanted militants to various European nations and Mauritania.

In European Union nations, the national governments license certifying agencies, which are for-profit companies.

Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent ( particularly by the British, Icelanders and other European island nations ), is the continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European islands.

European nations entered their imperial projects with the goal of enriching the European metropole.

According to Hugh S. Pyper, the biblical " founding myths of the Exodus and the exile, read as stories in which a nation is forged by maintaining its ideological and racial purity in the face of an oppressive great power ", entered " the rhetoric of nationalism throughout European history ", especially in Protestant countries and smaller nations.

Many European nations chartered corporations to lead colonial ventures, such as the Dutch East India Company or the Hudson's Bay Company, and these corporations came to play a large part in the history of corporate colonialism.

In the 21st century, U. S. influence remains strong but, in relative terms, is declining in terms of economic output compared to rising nations such as China, India, Russia, Brazil, and the newly consolidated European Union.

Fraying amongst the members of the Warsaw Pact nations and instability of its western allies, first indicated by Lech Wałęsa's 1980 rise to leadership of the trade union Solidarity, accelerated, leaving the Soviet Union unable to depend upon its Eastern European satellite states for protection as a buffer zone.

NATO did not initially have strong bipartisan support in Congress at the time he assumed his command ; Eisenhower unhesitatingly advised the participating European nations that it would be incumbent upon them to demonstrate their own commitment of troops and equipment to the NATO force before it would come from a war weary United States.

During the 19th century, European nations established colonies in Africa to further exploit resources and expand economic influence.

The European influence in Afghanistan refers to political, social, and mostly imperialistic influence several European nations have had on this historical development of Afghanistan.

In the Brazilian colony the Portuguese, like many European colonists, opted to use slavery to supply this shortage of workers.

Three of the EFTA countries are part of the European Union Internal Market through the Agreement on a European Economic Area ( EEA ), which took effect in 1994 ; the fourth, Switzerland, opted to conclude bilateral agreements with the EU.

Whereas closed primaries are rather common within many European countries, few political parties in Europe already opted for open primaries.

Whatever its name, the crossing remains relevant, as Gibraltar opted out of the European Union Customs Union and is not part of the Schengen area.

Following this, the group opted to focus solely on the European, Oceanian, South African and Asian markets.

They opted for choosing the best Yugoslavian players in order to create an equipe which could immediatelly compete at continental level, and even become a candidate for the European trophy.

Wigan failed in their bid for European football and opted not to take part in the UEFA Intertoto Cup.

With the end of their contract with Spinefarm Records, the band received invitations from most European recording labels, and eventually opted for Nuclear Blast.

Zarah Leander opted for an international career on the European continent.

He did not want to limit the selection of compositions performed to European games, but instead opted for the best Asian, American and European titles of recent years, providing a wide range of musical styles.

He managed to win one race ( one which Senna and Brundle opted out of to compete for European F3 points and outright race win ) and ended up fifth in the series.

Another group of Indos, that did enjoy European status in colonial times, willingly opted for Indonesian citizenship.

However, European golf has largely opted out of participation ; of around 30 countries that hold qualifying events, not one is in Europe, though a few European compete by other means.

In the close season, however, manager Walter Smith, concerned at the implications of a UEFA ruling to limit the number of foreign players eligible to compete in European club competitions, opted to replace Woods with Andy Goram of Hibernian, a goalkeeper eligible to play for Scotland and therefore able to play for Rangers without breaching the ' three foreigner ' rule.

Mike remained positive and opted for a start in the European professional leagues instead.

Roberts opted to stay in Los Angeles rather than go with Kenton on his 1953 European tour, and began working as a freelance substitute.

These two regulations apply to each of the Member States of the European Union with the exception of Denmark which opted out.

In these final pieces he offered a critique of Western science in which he suggested that non-European languages often referred to physical phenomena in ways that more directly reflected aspects of reality than many European languages, and that science ought to pay attention to the effects of linguistic categorization in its efforts to describe the physical world.

The medieval European Knights Templar ran an early prototype of a central banking system, as their promises to pay were widely respected, and many regard their activities as having laid the basis for the modern banking system.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

The mid-18th century European visitor to Ethiopia, Remedius Prutky, describes tibs as a portion of grilled meat served " to pay a particular compliment or show especial respect to someone.

Rapid economic development was seen as necessary to make the railway pay, and since the African population was accustomed to subsistence rather than export agriculture, the government decided to encourage European settlement in the fertile highlands, which had small African populations.

European trade exported bullion to pay for goods from Asia, thus reducing the money supply and putting downward pressure on prices and economic activity.

As an example, in many European countries serfs and peasants were obliged to perform around 45 days of military service per year without pay, usually during this campaign season when they were not required for agriculture.

One example is in consumer protection, with the Product Liability Directive in the European Union, where businesses making defective products that harm people must pay for any damage resulting.

Due to differing valuations in other European countries this inadvertently resulted in a silver shortage as silver coins were used to pay for imports, while exports were paid for in gold, effectively moving Britain from the silver standard to its first gold standard, rather than the bimetallic standard implied by the proclamation.

European traders therefore had to pay for spices with the precious metals, and this was in short supply in Europe, except for Spain and Portugal.

In recovering Constantinople and investing in the defence of his European provinces, Michael VIII began to denude the Anatolian frontier of its troops and was forced to lower their pay or cancel their tax exemptions.

Kantakouzenos was far too ready to invoke the aid of foreigners in his European quarrels ; and as he had no money to pay them, this gave them a ready pretext for seizing upon a European town.

British undergraduate students and students from other European Union countries who qualify as home students have to pay university tuition fees up to a maximum of £ 3, 375 capped ( for 2011 / 12 ).

An alternative explanation was that European networks refused to pay for some of the high volume and low content groups such as those regarding religion and racism ; this resulted in a need for categorization of all such newsgroups.

Although granted freedom of worship and generally better treated than non-Christians in most European countries, non-Muslims in the Ottoman empire were required, in accordance with Islamic law, to pay a special poll tax, the jizya, which in times of poor harvests was a crippling burden on mainly subsistence-level peasants.

On December 20th, 2011, the European Court of Human Rights published it's judgement in the case, ordering Russia to pay the 64 applicants a total of 1. 3 million euros in compensation.

After some debate, Indians in colonial Spanish America were forced to pay tithes on their production of European agricultural products, including wheat, silk, cows, pigs, and sheep.

After the end of his 1980 European tour, Gaye relocated to London where he feared imprisonment for failure to pay back taxes.

Mark King was primarily a drummer ( although he also played guitar ) but had recently sold his drumkit to pay for transport back to the UK after an ill-fated European venture.

Tenskwatawa urged natives to reject the ways of the Europeans: to give up firearms, liquor, European style clothing, to pay traders only half the value of their debts, and to refrain from ceding any more lands to the United States.

Soccer Australia was involved in financial problems: the non-existent financial contribution meant that the Australian players had to pay their own way to get to New Zealand, so Scott Chipperfield became the only one of Australia's large European contingent to answer the call and perform for his country in their time of need, resulting in a weak team for the tournament.

In some European countries, such as Sweden or Spain, students attending institutions of higher education pay for textbooks themselves, although higher education is free of charge otherwise.

" If the Vietnam War was not winnable within 90 days of his taking office, Wallace pledged an immediate withdrawal of U. S. troops ... Wallace described foreign aid as money ' poured down a rat hole ' and demanded that European and Asian allies pay more for their defense.

The U. S. effectively orchestrated payment of reparations ; under the Dawes Plan, the U. S. loaned money to Germany, to pay the reparations to countries like Britain and France, which in turn paid off their own war debts to the U. S. In the 1920s, European and American economies reached new levels of industrial production and prosperity.