The acronym IRA was first used by the IRB organisation in America ( also known as the Fenian Brotherhood ).

After the war, thousands of Irish veterans joined the Fenian Brotherhood and formed the Irish Republican Army with the intention of invading and holding Canada hostage in exchange for Irish independence.

* 1881 – 1883: John Philip Holland of Liscannor, County Clare, Ireland builts the Fenian Ram submarine for the Fenian Brotherhood.

However, due to funding disputes within the Irish Republican Brotherhood and disagreement over payments from the IRB to Holland, the IRB stole Fenian Ram and the Holland III prototype in November 1883.

The 19th century Irish revolutionary organisation known as the Fenian Brotherhood took its name from these legends.

The Fenian Brotherhood trace their origins back to 1798 and the United Irishmen, who had been an open political organization only to be suppressed and became a secret revolutionary organization, rose in rebellion, seeking an end to British rule in Ireland and the establishment of an Irish Republic.

" In 1856 O ' Mahony went to America and founded the Fenian Brotherhood in 1858.

In the United States, O ' Mahony's presidency over the Fenian Brotherhood was being increasingly challenged by William R. Roberts.

In December 1867, O ' Neill became president of the Roberts faction of the Fenian Brotherhood, which in the following year held a great convention in Philadelphia attended by over 400 properly accredited delegates, while 6, 000 Fenian soldiers, armed and in uniform, paraded the streets.

After resigning as president of the Fenian Brotherhood, John O ' Neill unsuccessfully attempted an unsanctioned raid in 1871, joining the forces of his remaining Fenian supporters with exiled members of the Red River Rebellion.

Fear of Fenian attack plagued the Lower Mainland of British Columbia during the 1880s, as the Fenian Brotherhood was actively organizing in Washington and Oregon, but raids never actually materialized.

The Fenian Brotherhood itself, however, continued to exist until voting to disband in 1880.

* Fenian Brotherhood Collection

* Fenian Brotherhood Collection at the American Catholic Historical Society, digitized by Villanova University's Digital Library

*" Torn Between Brothers: A Look at the Internal Divisions that Weakened the Fenian Brotherhood "-Jean Turner for Villanova University's Digital Library

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The Fenian Brotherhood openly organized and drilled in Washington, particularly in the 1870s and the 1880s, though no cross-border attacks were experienced.

Born in Clontibret, Co Monaghan, Ireland, he had previously served as a Colonel in the United States Army before resigning his commission and becoming active in the Fenian Brotherhood.

Moderating his radical Irish nationalist views, McGee denounced the Fenian Brotherhood in America that advocated a forcible takeover of Canada from Britain by the United States.

Another concern was the rising threat of Fenian raids on border communities in New Brunswick by those seeking to end British rule of Ireland.

* D ' Arcy McGee, former Young Irelander, Father of Canadian Confederation who was assassinated for his criticism of the Fenian raids on Canada.

However, both Scotland and Ireland shared a common Gaelic culture during the period in which the poems are set, and some Fenian literature common in both countries was composed in Scotland.

The song is dedicated to a Fenian poet named John Boyle O ' Reilly, who was deported to Australia because of his poetry.

The Anti-Transportation League, a group founded in 1849 which was opposed to the transportation of convicts to Australia, argued that such a " Fenian " colony could separate from the British Empire, due to its then largely Irish Catholic make up.

In 1881, Fenian Ram was launched, but soon after, Holland and the Fenians parted company angrily, primarily due to issues of payment within the Fenian organization, and between the Fenians and Holland.

There even was a small Fenian raid on a storage building that successfully got back some weapons that had been seized by the US Army.

Their presence was explicitly because of the threat of Fenian attack or terrorism, as were the large numbers of troops on the first train.

In 1881, the submarine Fenian Ram, designed by John Philip Holland for use against the British, was launched by the Delamater Iron Company in New York.

Goll mac Morna ( or Goal mac Morn ) was a member of the fianna and an uneasy ally of Fionn mac Cumhail in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology.

Muirne or Muireann Muncháem (" beautiful neck ") was the mother of Fionn mac Cumhail in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology.

Clerkenwell was also the location of three prisons: the Clerkenwell Bridewell, Coldbath Fields Prison ( later Clerkenwell Gaol ) and the New Prison, later the House of Detention, notorious as the scene of an attempted prison break in 1867 by Fenian rebels who sought to blow up part of the building.

It was this involvement in radical Irish politics that led him to become involved in the abortive Fenian raids of 1866, 1870, and 1871.

Patrick J. Whelan, a Fenian sympathizer and a Catholic, was accused, tried, convicted, and hanged for the crime.

He argues that the Fenian element among the Canadian Catholic Irish was powerful in the 1860s.

There was a danger of Fenian raids along the Canadian-American border south and east of Montreal.

He believed that the Fenian agitation was caused by America.

Parnell was first elected to the House of Commons, as a Home Rule League Member of Parliament ( MP ) for County Meath on 21 April 1875 in a by-election backed by Fenian Patrick Egan.

A " Fenian " Claddagh ring, without a crown, was later designed in Dublin.

Among these actions were the Seven Years ' War, the American Revolutionary War, the Napoleonic Wars, the First and Second Opium Wars, the Boxer Rebellion, the New Zealand land wars, the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the First and Second Boer Wars, the Fenian raids, the Irish War of Independence, its serial interventions into Afghanistan ( which were meant to maintain a friendly buffer state between British India and the Russian Empire ), and the Crimean War ( to keep the Russian Empire at a safe distance by coming to Turkey's aid ).

In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires ( and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812 ), in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars, and the Boxer Rebellion, Māori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars, Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars, Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.

Like the Ulster Cycle, the Fenian Cycle is concerned with the deeds of Irish heroes.

" The Wanderings of Oisin " is based on the lyrics of the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology and displays the influence of both Sir Samuel Ferguson and the Pre-Raphaelite poets.

Both Fenian factions raised money by the issue of bonds in the name of the " Irish Republic ," which were bought by the faithful in the expectation of their being honored when Ireland should be " a nation once again ".

Diarmuid Ua Duibhne ( ) or Diarmid O ' Dyna ( also known as Diarmuid of the love spot ) is a son of Donn and a warrior of the Fianna in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology.

Fianna ( singular fian ) were small, semi-independent warrior bands in Irish mythology and Scottish mythology, most notably in the stories of the Fenian Cycle, where they are led by Fionn mac Cumhaill.

Cumhall ( earlier Cumall, pronounced roughly " Coo-al " or " Cool ") son of Trénmór (" strong-great ") is a figure in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology, a leader of the fianna and the father of Fionn mac Cumhaill.

Bodhmall or Bodmall is one of Fionn mac Cumhaill's childhood caretakers in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology.

Liath Luachra, the " Gray of Luachair ", is the name of two characters in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology.

Chamberlain agreed with suggestions that a Land Bill would counter agitation in Ireland and Fenian outrages in the British Isles and would quieten demands for Irish Home Rule, which he opposed strongly, reasoning that it would lead to the eventual break up of the British Empire.