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The Flynn effect has also been part of the discussions regarding Spearman's hypothesis, which states that differences in the g factor are the major source of differences between blacks and whites observed in many studies of race and intelligence.
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Flynn and effect
The Flynn effect is the name given to a substantial and long-sustained increase in intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world.
There are numerous proposed explanations of the Flynn effect, as well as some skepticism about its implications.
Recent research suggests that the Flynn effect may have ended in at least a few developed nations, possibly allowing national differences in IQ scores to diminish if the Flynn effect continues in nations with lower average national IQs.
The Flynn effect is named for James R. Flynn, who did much to document it and promote awareness of its implications.
Some studies have found the gains of the Flynn effect to be particularly concentrated at the lower end of the distribution.
Comparison of the IQ distributions indicated that the mean IQ-scores on the test had increased by 9. 7 points ( the Flynn effect ), the gains were concentrated in the lower half of the distribution and negligible in the top half, and the gains gradually decreased as the IQ of the individuals increased.
Some studies have found a reverse Flynn effect with declining scores for those with high IQ.
Researchers have shown that the IQ gains described by the Flynn effect are due in part to increasing intelligence, and in part to increases in test specific skills.
The Flynn effect has been too rapid for genetic selection to be the cause.
An increase only of particular form ( s ) of intelligence would explain why the Flynn effect has not caused a " cultural renaissance too great to be overlooked.
The Flynn effect can be explained by a generally more stimulating environment for all people.
Citing a high correlation between rising literacy rates and gains in IQ, David Marks has argued that the Flynn effect is caused by changes in literacy rates.
Richard Lynn makes the case for nutrition, arguing that cultural factors cannot typically explain the Flynn effect because its gains are observed even at infant and preschool levels, with rates of IQ test score increase about equal to those of school students and adults.
and most of the other factors that have been proposed to explain the Flynn effect.
Possibly related to the Flynn effect is a similar change of skull size and shape during the last 150 years.
Eppig, Fincher, and Thornhill ( 2009 ) argue that " From an energetics standpoint, a developing human will have difficulty building a brain and fighting off infectious diseases at the same time, as both are very metabolically costly tasks " and that " the Flynn effect may be caused in part by the decrease in the intensity of infectious diseases as nations develop.
The author suggests that this may be one explanation for the Flynn effect and that this may be an important explanation for the link between national malaria burden and economic development.
Mingroni has proposed heterosis ( hybrid vigor associated with historical reductions of the levels of inbreeding ) as an alternative explanation of the Flynn effect as it pertains to increases of g.
Nevin has argued that much of the Flynn effect can be explained by the slow phase out of lead paint and then leaded gasoline, reducing harm due to prenatal and early childhood lead exposure.
A 2003 study looking at the Flynn effect in Kenya between 1984 and 1998 found that the increase was best explained by parents ' literacy, family structure, and children's nutrition and health.
IQ tests need to be adjusted to account for the Flynn effect.
Flynn and has
Raven ( 2000 ) found that, as Flynn suggested, data interpreted as showing a decrease in many abilities with increasing age must be re-interpreted as showing that there has been a dramatic increase of these abilities with date of birth.
Flynn has later changed his arguments as noted in the next section.
On the other hand, Flynn has pointed to 20-point gains on Dutch military ( Raven's type ) IQ tests between 1952, 1962, 1972, and 1982.
They estimate that there has been a dysgenic decline in the world's genotypic IQ ( masked by the Flynn effect for the phenotype ) of 0. 86 IQ points for the years 1950 – 2000.
If the Flynn effect has ended in developed nations, then this may possibly allow national differences in IQ scores to diminish if the Flynn effect continues in nations with lower average national IQs.
Also, if the Flynn effect has ended for the majority in developed nations, it may still continue for minorities, especially for groups like immigrants where many may have received poor nutrition during early childhood or have had other disadvantages.
Flynn has replied that he never claimed that the Flynn effect has the same causes as the black-white gap but that it shows that environmental factors can create IQ differences of a magnitude similar to the gap.
Flynn has written seven books.
Nolan Cook, a prominent collaborator with the group in both their live and studio work ( as well as being a live member of I Am Spoonbender ), denied in an interview that Fox and Flynn are the Residents, saying that he has come across such rumors, and they are completely false.
Gabriel also has two sons with Meabh Flynn: Isaac Ralph ( born 27 September 2001 ) and Luc ( born 5 July 2008 ).
The city also has one middle school, Brittany Woods Middle School, and four elementary schools: Flynn Park, Barbara C. Jordan, Pershing and Jackson Park.
* Edward A. Flynn ( born c. 1948 ), law enforcement official who has been Chief of the Milwaukee Police Department.
She also has an impressive stage résumé, including playing the title character in the Broadway musical Maggie Flynn in 1968.
" Flynn has since noted that King has " finally squashed the beef.
Flynn and also
In September 1977, veteran actress and authoress Dulcie Gray played the Miss Marple character in a stage adaptation of A Murder Is Announced at the Vaudeville Theatre in London, England that featured also Dinah Sheridan, Eleanor Summerfield, Patricia Brake and Barbara Flynn.
: But Flynn preceded Casey, as did also Jimmy Blake,
Flynn, even more controversially, also joked privately that Robinson would " turn the Áras into the Red Cow Inn ".
It also features prominently in the science-fiction novels of Michael Flynn, particularly in The Wreck of the River of Stars ( 2003 ); this book is the tale of the last flight of a magnetic sail ship when fusion rockets based on the Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor have become the preferred technology.
It was also featured in this role in the science fiction novel The Wreck of the River of Stars, by Michael Flynn.
He played the role of Billy Flynn on Broadway in 2000, and also was in the North American tour of the musical, in 1999 and in 2000.
Warner offered her services to Selznick as part of a deal that also included Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland, but Selznick did not consider Davis as suitable, and rejected the offer, while Davis did not want Flynn cast as Rhett Butler.
When Flynn became a naturalised American citizen on 15 August 1942, he also became eligible for the military draft, as the United States had entered World War II eight months earlier.
Barrymore was also portrayed by Christopher Plummer ( who was a friend of Diana Barrymore ) in the 1996 two-man show Barrymore, later filmed in 2012 and by Errol Flynn in the 1958 biographical film about Diana entitled Too Much, Too Soon.
" He also pointed to a lack of a suitable British actor to portray Flashman ; Errol Flynn was always his favourite for the role ( although Flynn was Australian ): " It wasn't just his looks and his style.
The film also featured Rob Lowe, Tia Carrere, Lara Flynn Boyle, Brian Doyle-Murray, Robert Patrick ( spoofing his role in Terminator 2: Judgment Day ), Chris Farley, Ed O ' Neill, Ione Skye, Meat Loaf, and Alice Cooper.
" Warner also earned the gratitude and affection of Errol Flynn.
The Marlette ZIP code 48453 also serves all of Marlette Township, except for the northeast corner, as well as parts of southern Lamotte Township, the southwest part of Elmer Township, the northwest part of Flynn Township, the northeast corner of Elk Township, parts of northern Burnside Township in Lapeer County and the southeast corner of Koylton Township in Tuscola County.
Swann was obviously based on Flynn, while Benjy Stone is loosely based on both Brooks and Woody Allen, who also wrote for Caesar.
That episode also marks the final time Sandi Griffiths and Sally Flynn appear together as the act of Sandi & Sally
The University is also known for its baseball program, particularly for retired coach Don Flynn.
In addition, Mick Flynn and Donna Jones of the current New Seekers line-up ( 2009 ) were also in the contest, placing fourth under the group name Pussyfoot.
Robb Flynn was a friend of Darrell's, who also took the time to remark both on how talented and how generous he was-reportedly, Robb owns a custom-made Washburn Dimebag guitar which was given to him as a replacement after Dimebag broke his touring guitar, but can't use it on stage due to contract disagreements.
Some of the earlier characters also included Lily Corcoran, her womanizing nephew, Jack Flynn, Paul Brennan, who worked for Jack Flynn, and Linda O ' Malley, an acquaintance of a Jack's, to whom he had promised fame as a singer.
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