Several space observatories did the same, including the Hubble Space Telescope, the ROSAT X-ray observing satellite, and significantly the Galileo spacecraft, then on its way to a rendezvous with Jupiter scheduled for 1995.

A sequence of Galileo spacecraft | Galileo images, taken several seconds apart, showing the appearance of the fireball of fragment W on the dark side of Jupiter

* 1995 – The Galileo spacecraft arrives at Jupiter, a little more than six years after it was launched by Space Shuttle Atlantis during Mission STS-34.

Composite image of the Moon as taken by the Galileo probe | Galileo spacecraft on 7 December 1992.

Galileo was an unmanned NASA spacecraft which studied the planet Jupiter and its moons.

Galileo arrived at Jupiter on December 7, 1995, via gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter.

Once Galileo < nowiki >'</ nowiki > s prime mission was concluded, an extended mission followed, starting on December 7, 1997 ; the spacecraft made a number of daring close flybys of Jupiter's moons Europa and Io.

NASA engineers were able to recover the damaged tape recorder electronics, and Galileo continued to return scientific data until it was deorbited in 2003, performing one last scientific experiment — a measurement of the moon Amalthea's mass as the spacecraft swung by it.

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory built the Galileo spacecraft and managed the Galileo mission for NASA.

One section of the spacecraft rotated at 3 rpm, keeping Galileo stable and holding six instruments that gathered data from many different directions, including the fields and particles instruments.

RTGs had been used for years in planetary exploration without mishap: the Lincoln Experimental Satellites 8 / 9, launched by the U. S. Department of Defense, had 7 % more plutonium on board than Galileo, and the two Voyager spacecraft each carried 80 % as much plutonium as Galileo did.

Galileo was one of the first spacecraft to be equipped with a CCD camera.

The boom was used to remove the MAG from the immediate vicinity of Galileo to minimize magnetic effects from the spacecraft.

* 1998 – Data sent from the Galileo spacecraft indicates that Jupiter's moon Europa has a liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice.

Other Mariner-based spacecraft, launched since Voyager, included the Magellan probe to Venus, and the Galileo probe to Jupiter.

The Galileo spacecraft atmospheric entry probe found that even in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, the abundance of neon is reduced ( depleted ) by about a factor of 10, to a level of 1 part in 6, 000 by mass.

* 1991 – The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.

* 2001 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft passes within 112 miles of Jupiter's moon Io.

A Galileo spacecraft | Galileo image of Jupiter's main ring.

** The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.

" The Four Books on Measurement " were published at Nuremberg in 1525 and was the first book for adults on mathematics in German, as well as being cited later by Galileo and Kepler.

Although observations of some aerodynamic effects such as wind resistance ( e. g. drag ) were recorded by Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, very little effort was made to develop a rigorous quantitative theory of air flow prior to the 17th century.

< cite id = disputedinjunction > The Vatican archives contain an unsigned copy of a more strongly worded formal injunction purporting to have been served on Galileo shortly after Bellarmine's admonition, ordering him " not to hold, teach, or defend " the condemned doctrine " in any way whatever, either orally or in writing ", and threatening him with imprisonment if he refused to obey .</ cite > However, whether this injunction was ever properly served on Galileo is a subject of much scholarly disagreement.

While the impacts took place on the side of Jupiter hidden from Earth, Galileo, then at a distance of 1. 6 AU from the planet, was able to see the impacts as they occurred.

A few minutes after the impact fireball was detected, Galileo measured renewed heating, probably due to ejected material falling back onto the planet.

It is often said that Galileo thought the curve of a hanging chain was parabolic.

The work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo set aside the old notion that the earth was the center of the universe.

Through such people as Nikola Tesla, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Thomas Edison, Ottó Bláthy, Ányos Jedlik, Sir Charles Parsons, Joseph Swan, George Westinghouse, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Alexander Graham Bell and Lord Kelvin, electricity was turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution.

It is known that he was the essential pedagogical influence upon the young Galileo, his eldest son ( cf.

As a result of improvements Galileo Galilei made to the telescope, with a magnifying capability of 20 ×, he was able to see celestial bodies more distinctly than was ever possible before.

As a result of these discoveries, Galileo was able to develop a method of determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the Galilean moons.

The first stage of the Galileo programme was agreed upon officially on 26 May 2003 by the European Union and the European Space Agency.

Although a decision was yet to be reached, on 13 July 2007 EU countries discussed cutting € 548m ($ 755m, £ 370m ) from the union's competitiveness budget for the following year and shifting some of that cash to other parts of the financing pot, a move that could meet part of the cost of the union's Galileo satellite navigation system.

In November 2009, a ground station for Galileo was inaugurated near Kourou ( French Guiana ).

As of March 2010 it was verified that the budget for Galileo would only be available to provide the 4 IOV and 14 FOC satellites by 2014, with no funds currently committed to bring the constellation above this 60 % capacity.

When Galileo was viewed as a private-sector development with public-sector financial participation, European Commission program managers sought Chinese participation in pursuit of Chinese cash in the short term and privileged access to China ’ s market for positioning and timing applications in the longer term.

However, due to security and technology-independence policy from European Commission, China was, in effect, dis-invited from Galileo and without a return of its monetary investment, a decision that was reinforced by China ’ s move to build its own global system, called Beidou / Compass.

This greatly improves the viability of the Galileo project: " The EU's executive had previously said that if agreement was not reached by January 2008, the long-troubled project would essentially be dead.

A primary motivation for the Galileo project was European concern that the US could deny others access to GPS during political disagreements.

Since Galileo was designed to provide the highest possible precision ( possibly even greater than GPS ) to anyone, the US was concerned that an enemy could use Galileo signals in military strikes against the US and its allies ( some weapons like missiles use GNSS systems for guidance ).

The first two Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites were launched by Soyuz ST-B flown from Guiana Space Centre on October 21, 2011.

It was built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd ( SSTL ), and successfully launched on 28 December 2005 by the European Space Agency and the Galileo Joint.

Named after the Renaissance astronomer Galileo Galilei, it was launched on October 18, 1989, by the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-34 mission.

Spacecraft launched by the Shuttle included several TDRSS communications relays heavily used by the Shuttle program itself, a series of commercial communication satellites, and the interplanetary probes Magellan, Galileo and Ulysses.

On October 21, 2011 two Galileo IOV-1 & IOV-2 satellites were launched using a Soyuz-ST rocket, in the " first Russian Soyuz vehicle ever launched from Europe ’ s Spaceport in French Guiana.

* 21 October 2011-A Soyuz-2 carrying two Galileo satellites was launched.

Travicom was a company created by Videcom, British Airways and British Caledonian and launched in 1976 as the world's first multi-access reservations system based on Videcom technology which eventually became part of Galileo UK.

When Galileo and her crew go missing a second Shuttlecraft called Columbus is launched, implying that Enterprise carried no more than two Shuttlecraft.