The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle.

German philosopher Max Scheler distinguishes two ways in which the strong can help the weak.

* 1730 – Johann Georg Hamann, German philosopher ( d. 1788 )

* 1770 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, German philosopher ( d. 1831 )

Albert Schweitzer, OM ( 14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965 ) was a German and then French theologian, organist, philosopher, physician, and medical missionary.

** This German publication is both one of the most comprehensive general introductions to the life and works of the philosopher and physician Avicenna ( Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037 ) and an extensive and careful survey of his contribution to the history of science.

* 1914 – Gerd Buchdahl, German philosopher ( d. 2001 )

Those such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, an opinion supported by contemporaries such as Roger Bacon.

German philosopher Immanuel Kant devised an argument from morality based on practical reason.

In his Critique of Pure Reason, German philosopher Immanuel Kant stated that no successful argument for God's existence arises from reason alone.

* 1802 – Franz Aepinus, German philosopher ( b. 1724 )

* 1985 – Carl Schmitt, German philosopher and theorist ( b. 1888 )

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

He entered the Kriegsakademie ( also cited as " The German War School ," the " Military Academy in Berlin ," and the " Prussian Military Academy ") in Berlin in 1801 ( age 21 ), studied the writings of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, and won the regard of General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, the future first chief of staff of the new Prussian Army ( appointed 1809 ).

The German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz made a similar argument with his principle of sufficient reason in 1714.

The name affinitas was first used in the sense of chemical relation by German philosopher Albertus Magnus near the year 1250.

With the work of the latter philosopher, critical theory transcended its theoretic roots in German idealism, and progressed closer to American pragmatism.

It wasn ’ t until the late 1800s, however, that a young German philosopher by the name of Herman Ebbinghaus developed the first scientific approach to studying memory.

Its modern-day function was originated by the innovations of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, an 18th-century German playwright, philosopher, and theorist about theatre.

* 1694 – Hermann Samuel Reimarus, German philosopher and writer ( d. 1768 )

also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the kingdom Protista.

* 1895 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist ( d. 1973 )

* 1622 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher ( d. 1665 )

* 1858 – Arthur Achleitner, German writer ( d. 1927 )

Enigma was invented by German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I.

Around 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the Bildtelegraph, widespread in continental Europe especially, since a widely noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908, used until the wider distribution of the radiofax.

* 1788 – Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher ( d. 1860 )

Beginning with Immanuel Kant, German idealists such as G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Arthur Schopenhauer dominated 19th-century philosophy.

* The Art of Controversy: Diversion ( bilingual with the original German ) by Arthur Schopenhauer

* 1945 – World War II: Ratification in Berlin-Karlshorst of the German unconditional surrender of May 8 in Rheims, France, with the signatures of Marshal Georgy Zhukov for the Soviet Union, and for the Western Headquarters Sir Arthur Tedder, British Air Marshal and Eisenhower's deputy, and for the German side of Colonel-General Hans-Jürgen Stumpff as the representative of the Luftwaffe, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel as the Chief of Staff of OKW, and Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg as Commander-in-Chief of the Kriegsmarine.

* 1988 – Arthur Zeiler, German rugby player

* 1906 – Arthur Rudolph, German rocket engineer ( d. 1996 )

* 1901 – Arthur Liebehenschel, German concentration camp commandant ( d. 1948 )

* 1860 – Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher ( b. 1788 )

A German pharmacologist, Arthur Heffter, isolated the alkaloids in the peyote cactus in 1891.

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer attributed civilisational primacy to the White race:

* February 22 – Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher ( d. 1860 )

** Arthur Axmann, Nazi German Hitler Youth leader ( b. 1913 )

** Arthur Jonath, German Olympic athlete ( b. 1909 )

* September 21 – Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher ( b. 1788 )

Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of the term " humour " ( a German loanword from English ) to mean any type of comedy.

Erich Armand Arthur Joseph Hückel ForMemRS ( August 9, 1896, Berlin – February 16, 1980, Marburg ) was a German physicist and physical chemist.

Mescaline was first isolated and identified in 1897 by the German Arthur Heffter and first synthesized in 1919 by Ernst Späth.

On the way to the holding cell the two young men were followed by a large crowd, whom Arthur lost no opportunity to harangue, even though they understood only German.

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, on the other hand, was as famously misanthropic as his reputation.

* German — Künneke, Eduard: Songs of Pierrot ( 1911 ; voice and piano ; texts by Arthur Kahane ).