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Enigma was invented by German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I.
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Enigma and was
During the Second World War, Bletchley Park was the site of the United Kingdom's main decryption establishment, the Government Code and Cypher School ( GC & CS ), where ciphers and codes of several Axis countries were decrypted, most importantly the ciphers generated by the German Enigma and Lorenz machines.
Early work on Enigma was performed here by Dilly Knox, John R. F.
A major setback was caused by the German Navy introducing the four-rotor Enigma used for communicating with U-boats.
In the case of non-naval Enigma, deciphering was performed in Hut 6, and translation indexing and cross-referencing with existing information, in Hut 3.
During the Second World War, GCCS was based largely at Bletchley Park in present-day Milton Keynes working on, most famously, the German Enigma machine and Lorenz ciphers, but also a large number of other systems.
The German encryption machine, Enigma, was attacked with the help of electro-mechanical machines called bombes.
Turing's information unit, the ban, was used in the Ultra project, breaking the German Enigma machine code and hastening the end of WWII in Europe.
Under Section IX was The Statistical Research Centre War Office ( a cover name ), mobilised on September 1939 on the outbreak of war at War Station No X Bletchley Park, charged with breaking the German Enigma codes.
Much of the German cipher traffic was encrypted on the Enigma machine.
German military Enigma was first broken in December 1932 by the Polish Cipher Bureau, using a combination of brilliant mathematics, the services of a spy in the German office responsible for administering encrypted communications, and a slice of good luck.
It was the Poles ' early start at breaking Enigma, and the continuity of their successful efforts, that enabled the Allies to hit the ground running when World War II broke out.
Although the volume of intelligence derived from this system was much smaller than that from Enigma, its importance was high because it produced primarily strategic level intelligence.
It produced a polyalphabetic substitution cipher, but unlike the Enigma machines, it was not a rotor machine, being built around electrical stepping switches.
The Japanese are said to have obtained an Enigma machine as early as 1937, although it is debated whether they were given it by their German ally or bought a commercial version which, except for plugboard and internal wirings, was essentially the German Army / Air Force machine.
The capture, rather than sinking, of U-570 – the only ship to be captured by an aircraft – on 27 August 1941 by a Lockheed Hudson from RAF Coastal Command was important for determining the fighting capacity of U-boats, although her crew destroyed the Enigma and cipher information.
SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) was the countering process of decryption, with the notable examples being the Allied breaking of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra, which was derived from methodology given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau, which had been decoding Enigma for seven years before the war.
He was Production Designer during The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser, Nosferatu the Vampyre and Fitzcarraldo.
Typex was based on the commercial Enigma machine, but incorporated a number of additional features to improve the security.
It was an adaptation of the commercial German Enigma with a number of enhancements that greatly increased its security.
Like Enigma, Typex was a rotor machine.
An improvement the Typex had over the standard German Services Enigma was that the rotors in the machine contained multiple notches that would turn the neighbouring rotor.
One suggestion was put forward by Wing Commander O. G. W. Lywood to adapt the commercial Enigma, adding a printing unit, but the committee decided against pursuing Lywood's proposal.
Enigma and invented
The Enigma specializes in the types of puzzles that flourished in the 19th century ; the crossword, invented as late as 1913, is spurned by the journal, which relegates it to the category of " extras ".
* Zygalski sheets, also known as " perforated sheets " ( invented in 1938 by Henryk Zygalski ), were one of a number of devices created by the Polish Cipher Bureau to facilitate the breaking of German Enigma ciphers.
Enigma and by
The Germans progressively increased the security of Enigma networks, which required additional cryptographic developments by GC & CS.
* Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges.
* Toulmin, Stephen, " Fall of a Genius ", a book review of " Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges ", in The New York Review of Books, 19 January 1984, p. 3ff.
They ruled out possible Enigma settings by performing chains of logical deductions implemented electrically.
Trahair and Robert Miller, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations, 2009, published by Enigma Books, New York.
In the film, a World War II German submarine is boarded in 1942 by disguised United States Navy submariners seeking to capture her Enigma cipher machine.
The Americans are able to take the boat by force, capture the Enigma and begin rounding up the prisoners, including the Captain.
An earlier military Enigma machine had been captured by Polish Intelligence in 1928 ; Polish intelligence broke the Enigma code in 1932 and gave their findings to Britain and France in 1939, just before the German invasion of Poland.
The first capture of a Naval Enigma machine and associated cipher keys from a U-boat were made on May 9, 1941 by HMS Bulldog of Britain's Royal Navy, commanded by Captain Joe Baker-Cresswell.
Out of some 15 captures of Naval Enigma material during World War II, all but two were by the British – the Royal Canadian Navy captured U-774, and the U. S. Navy seized U-505 in June 1944.
Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security presented by using large codebooks for cryptography with the use of ciphering machines, the most well known being the German Enigma machine.
The agents were not difficult to spot-a task made still easier by the cracking of the German's Enigma encryption.
* Enigma messages had to be written, enciphered, transmitted ( by Morse ), received, deciphered, and written again, while Typex messages were typed and automatically enciphered and transmitted all in one step, with the reverse also true.
Enigma and German
He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
Both of the two German electro-mechanical rotor machines whose signals were decrypted at Bletchley Park, Enigma and the Lorenz Cipher ', were virtually unbreakable if properly used.
Bletchley Park is mainly remembered for breaking messages enciphered on the German Enigma cypher machine, but its greatest cryptographic achievement may have been the breaking of the German on-line teleprinter Lorenz cipher ( known at GC & CS as Tunny ).
In 1929 the Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski, who would solve the German Enigma cipher machine in December 1932, began studying actuarial statistics at Göttingen.
Alan Turing in 1940 used similar ideas as part of the statistical analysis of the breaking of the German second world war Enigma ciphers.
On board is the latest Enigma cryptography machine which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.
* 1942 – Lt. Tony Fasson, Able Seaman Colin Grazier and canteen assistant Tommy Brown from HMS Petard board U-559, retrieving material which would lead to the decryption of the German Enigma code.
Used properly, the German military Enigma would have been virtually unbreakable ; in practice, shortcomings in operation allowed it to be broken.
Initially, German Enigma messages were the main source, with those of the German airforce predominating, as they used radio more, and their operators were particularly ill-disciplined.
The German Army, Navy, Air Force, Nazi party, Gestapo, and German diplomats all used Enigma machines, but there were several variants.
For instance, the Abwehr ( the German military intelligence service ) used a four-rotor machine without a plugboard, and Naval Enigma used different key management from that of the Army or Air Force, making its traffic far more difficult to cryptanalyse.
Former Bletchley Park mathematician-cryptologist Gordon Welchman has written: " Ultra would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use.
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