# REDIRECT Germanic substrate hypothesis

# REDIRECT Germanic substrate hypothesis

# REDIRECT Germanic substrate hypothesis

* Germanic substrate hypothesis

Suggestions of possible Old European languages include Urbian by Sorin Paliga, the Vasconic substratum hypothesis of Theo Vennemann ( also see Sigmund Feist's Germanic substrate hypothesis ), and Tyrsenian languages of Helmut Rix.

* Germanic substrate hypothesis

Linguist Peter Schrijver speculates on the reminiscent lexical and typological features of the region, from an unknown substrate whose linguistic influences may have influenced the historical development of the ( Romance and Germanic ) languages of the region.

* Germanic substrate hypothesis

The Germanic substrate hypothesis is an attempt to explain the distinctive nature of the Germanic languages within the context of the Indo-European language family.

It postulates that the elements of the common Germanic vocabulary and syntactical forms that do not seem to have an Indo-European origin show Proto-Germanic to be a creole language: a contact language synthesis between Indo-European speakers and a non-Indo-European substrate language used by the ancestors of the speakers of the Proto-Germanic language.

Writing an introductory article to the Germanic languages in The Major Languages of Western Europe, Germanicist John A. Hawkins sets forth the arguments for a Germanic substrate.

Hawkins moreover asserts that more than one third of the native Germanic lexicon is of non-Indo-European origin, and again points to the hypothetical substrate language as the cause.

It has been suggested that its people spoke a language related to the Uralic languages and provided the unique linguistic features discussed in the Germanic substrate hypothesis.

* Germanic substrate hypothesis

* Germanic substrate hypothesis

Regarding a Freyja-Frigg origin hypothesis, scholar Stephan Grundy comments that " the problem of whether Frigg or Freyja may have been a single goddess originally is a difficult one, made more so by the scantiness of pre-Viking Age references to Germanic goddesses, and the diverse quality of the sources.

More recently, the view put forward by Georges Dumézil based on Indo-European parallels has dominated, wherein the Vanir, like the Æsir, derive from the pre-Germanic heritage of Germanic religion and embody the third of the three " functions " in his trifunctional hypothesis: chthonic and fertility deities.

Similarly, they assert that his hypothesis fails to explain why there should be any relation whatever between antiquity / medieval Germanic names, and names that are to be attributed to extremely distant languages, if those be Indo-European at all ( as Turkish and Caucasian languages have no relation whatever to Germanic, while Ossetic at least is Indo-European, although from the Indo-Iranian family ).

The hypothesis of a substantial Dacian population in the river Vistula basin is not widely supported among modern scholars, as this region is generally regarded as inhabited predominantly by Germanic tribes during the Roman imperial era e. g. Heather ( 2009 ).

A " West Germanic hypothesis " suggests transmission via Elbe Germanic groups, while a " Gothic hypothesis " presumes transmission via East Germanic expansion.

The " West Germanic hypothesis " speculates on an introduction by West Germanic tribes.

This hypothesis may help to explain the difficulty of finding the right place for Germanic within the Indo-European family ( though the Germanic languages are commonly classified as Centum languages, because of the sound correspondences exemplified in the words * hund, not! sund (" hundred ", ~ centum with a guttural fricative according to Grimm's law ) and * hwis, not! his (" who ", ~ Latin quis )).

Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240, as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle of the Ice in 1242, breaking their attempts to colonize the Northern Rus '.

The etymological pedigree of the word, however, remains uncertain, though numerous speculative attempts have been made to find Indo-European cognates outside the Germanic group.

The Telnarian Histories were critically and popularly regarded as an unfortunate deviation from Norman's Gor series, perhaps due to a combination of his unconvincing attempts to be a futurist ( directly introducing a large number of Imperial Roman social customs and names of early Germanic tribes into his account of a declining galactic empire, for example ) and his departing from many of the conventions of his already established Gor legacy.

During the Saxon Wars, the Saxons rebelled against Charlemagne's invasion and subsequent attempts to Christianize them from their native Germanic paganism.

Despite the attempts of his ministers and courtiers to force the emperor to take decisive steps against the increasing peril of the Germanic invasion, Romulus prefers to stay at home breeding domesticated chickens and not taking action in response to the threat.

However, there have been recent attempts by Germanic tribal polytheists to reconstruct a form of neo-Gothic as a common community language.

Jacob ( 2005 ) attempts to establish a genealogical relationship between Tuisto and Ymir based on etymology and a comparison with ( post -) Vedic Indian mythology: as Tvastr, through his daughter Saranyū and her husband Vivaswān, is said to have been the grandfather of the twins Yama and Yami, so Jacob argues that the Germanic Tuisto ( assuming a connection with Tvastr ) must originally have been the grandfather of Ymir ( cognate to Yama ).

Heavy mortality from 165 in the Antonine Plague seriously impaired attempts to repel Germanic invaders, but the borders of the Empire were generally held or at least speedily restored.

After the three Roman legions were ambushed and destroyed by an alliance of Germanic tribes headed by Arminius at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, the Roman Empire made no further concentrated attempts at conquering Germania beyond the Rhine.

Segestes was a noble of the Germanic tribe of the Cherusci involved in the events surrounding the Roman attempts to conquer northern Germany during the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus.

Alternatively, Latin C-represents an attempt to render the unfamiliar Proto-Germanic h =, perhaps due to Celtic-speaking interpreters ( a Celtic intermediary would also explain why Germanic * Þeuðanōz became Latin Teutones ).

Some explain this name as meaning " vallée des Boeufs " ( valley of oxen ); others give it a Germanic origin.

Jones ( 2002: 342 ) comments that no contact explanation with other varieties of Germanic is required ( or could be supported on the basis of available evidence ) to explain DAR as the development of DAR involves common cross-linguistic patterns of change ( stopping of dental fricatives, change of plosive to glottal ) that occur in unrelated languages and so have a purely phonetic origin.

They were replaced by the Tungri, a Germanic tribe that was Celticised but in villages on the other side of the river Meuse the Eburones continued to exist what would explain the fact that the Limburgs language spoken on the west bank of the river Meuse still has some traces of the old Celtic language spoken by the Eburones.

One of the first of these Germanic law codes to be written was the Visigothic Code of Euric ( 471 ).

Another reason for doubting the literal nature of these early genealogies is that the etymology of the names of several early members of the dynasty do not appear to be Germanic, which is the origin of these peoples.

In 18th and 19th century Germany, several thousand local languages of the continental west Germanic dialect continuum were reclassified as dialects of modern New High German although the vast majority of them were ( and still are ) mutually incomprehensible, despite the fact that they all existed long before New High German, which had at least in part been shaped as a compromise or mediative language between these local languages.

( In these early records of apparent Germanic tribes, tribal leader names of the Cimbri and Sigambri, and tribal names such as Tencteri and Usipetes, are also apparently Gaulish, even coming from the east of the Rhine.

Although Irish and Manx are often referred to as Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic ( as they are Goidelic or Gaelic languages ), the use of the word Gaelic is unnecessary because the terms Irish and Manx, when referring to language, only ever refer to these languages, whereas Scots has come to refer to a Germanic language, and therefore " Scottish " can refer to things not at all Gaelic.

The third literary movement of these years was a new revamping of the heroic tradition, in which the ancient Germanic oral tradition can still be discerned, but tamed and Christianized and adapted for the court.

The 7th-century Visigothic aristocracy saw itself as bearers of a particular Gothic consciousness and as guardians of old traditions such as Germanic namegiving ; probably these traditions were on the whole restricted to the family sphere ( Hispano-Roman nobles did service for Visigothic nobles already in the 5th century and the two branches of Spanish aristocracy had fully adopted similar customs two centuries later ).

A major invasion of the Alamanni and other Germanic tribes occurred somewhere between 258 and 260 ( it is hard to fix the precise date of these events ).

In contrast to later duchies, these entities were not defined by strict administrative boundaries but by the area of settlement of major Germanic tribes.

Ancient writers usually classify the Teutons as " Germanic " and the Helvetii as " Gallic ," but these ethnic attributions are debatable.

All these forms are from a Common Germanic * midja-gardaz (* meddila -, * medjan -), a compound of * midja-" middle " and * gardaz " yard, enclosure ".

However, Urban T. Holmes estimated that a Germanic language was spoken as a second tongue by public officials in western Austrasia and Neustria as late as the 850s, and that it completely disappeared as a spoken language from these regions only during the 10th century.

In these languages, words from Proto Indo-European have p at the beginning if they come from initial * p. English cognates often start with F, since English is a Germanic language, and has undergone the Grimm's law.

In an effort to split Polish identity they attempted to establish ethnic divisions of Kashubians and Gorals ( Goralenvolk ), based on these groups ' alleged " Germanic component ".

Law codes were edicted by the Germanic kings, however, the influence of early Eastern Roman codes on some of these is quite discernible.

After the discovery and excavation of these monuments and associated stone slabs by Russian archaeologists in the wider area surrounding the Orkhon Valley between 1889 and 1893, it became established that the language on the inscriptions was the Old Turkic language written using the Orkhon script, which has also been referred to as " Turkic runes " or " runiform " due to a superficial similarity to the Germanic runic alphabets.

Traditionally, in Celtic and Germanic Europe, the feast of Samhain ( called Allelieweziel in DeitschSchreiwer, Robert L. < i > A Brief Introduction to Urglaawe .</ i > Bristol, PA: Deitscherei. com, 2009 .</ ref >) was specially associated with the deceased, and, in these countries, it was still customary to set a place for them at table on this day until relatively recent times.

While most of these names derive from historical Celtic and Germanic festivals, the non-traditional names Litha and Mabon, which have become popular in North American Wicca, were introduced by Aidan Kelly in the 1970s.

Historically these beliefs were notable in Early Modern Europe of the 14th to 18th century, where witchcraft came to be seen as a vast diabolical conspiracy against Christianity and accusations of witchcraft led to large-scale witch-hunts, especially in Germanic Europe.

Mead is featured in many Germanic myths and folktales such as Beowulf, as well as in other popular works that draw on these myths.

Though politically dominant, these Germanic invaders were gradually absorbed into the Venetian population over the centuries.

Grimm suggested that these derived from legends of the reconstructed continental Germanic goddess * Ostara.

They were inhabited by Belgic tribes, before these were replaced by Germanic tribes in the 4th and 5th century.

The Germanic runic alphabet was derived from one of these alphabets by the 2nd century.