# REDIRECT Gothic language

Meanwhile, several Germanic tribes were converted to Arian Christianity by the missionary Wulfila, who devised an alphabet to translate the Bible into the Gothic language.

While its influence continued to be felt in small ways in some west European states, the Gothic language and culture largely disappeared during the Middle Ages.

The Gothic language is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.

As a Germanic language, Gothic is a part of the Indo-European language family.

The language was in decline by the mid-6th century, due in part to the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, and geographic isolation ( in Spain the Gothic language lost its last and probably already declining function as a church language when the Visigoths converted to Catholicism in 589 ).

The language survived as a domestic language in the Iberian peninsula ( modern Spain and Portugal ) as late as the 8th century, and Frankish author Walafrid Strabo wrote that it was still spoken in the lower Danube area and in isolated mountain regions in Crimea in the early 9th century ( see Crimean Gothic ).

* Gothic language

The Italian language preserves a large number of Lombardic words, although it is not always easy to tell them apart from those stemming from other Germanic languages such as Gothic and Frankish.

There, Ulfilas translated the Bible from Greek into the Gothic language.

Yule is attested early in the history of the Germanic peoples ; from the 4th century Gothic language it appears in the month name, and, in the 8th century, the English historian Bede wrote that the Anglo-Saxon calendar included the months geola or giuli corresponding with either modern December or December and January.

* The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila.

An earlier form of the word " god " appears in the Gothic language.

Sudovian was influenced by the Gothic language, as was Old Prussian.

This device of rendering an imaginary language with a real one was carried further, rendering Rohirric the language of Rohan, related to Sôval Phâre, by Old English, and names in the tongue of Dale by Old Norse forms, and names of the Kingdom of Rhovanion by Gothic forms, thus mapping the genetic relation of his fictional languages on the existing historical relations of the Germanic languages.

Even historical names from these peoples have been used in drafts or the final concept of the internal history of Gondor, such as Vidumavi, wife of king Valacar ( Gothic language ).

Earlier Rohirrim had names in Gothic, which is the oldest Germanic language recorded.

Sifjar is cognate to the Old English sib ( meaning " affinity, connection, by marriage ") and in other Germanic languages: Gothic language sibbia, Old High German sibba, and German sippe.

In 490, Alaric assisted his fellow Gothic king, Theodoric the Great, in his conquest of Italy by dispatching an army to raise Odoacer's siege of Pavia, where Theodoric had been trapped.

Historians consider this the decisive factor in convincing Alboin to undertake a migration, even though there are indications that before the war with the Gepids a decision was maturing to leave for Italy, a country thousands of Lombards had seen in the 550s when hired by the Byzantines to fight in the Gothic War.

Stilicho is alleged by some to have wanted control of both Emperors, and is supposed to have had Rufinus assassinated by Gothic mercenaries in 395 ; though definite proof of Stilicho's involvement in the assassination is lacking, the intense competition and political jealousies engendered by the two figures compose the main thread of the first part of Arcadius ' reign.

By the Victorian era Gothic had ceased to be the dominant genre and was dismissed by most critics ( in fact the form's popularity as an established genre had already begun to erode with the success of the historical romance popularised by Sir Walter Scott ).

Twentieth-century rock music also had its Gothic side.

By the early 7th century, the ethnic distinction between Visigoths and Hispano-Romans had all but disappeared, but recognition of a Gothic origin, e. g. on gravestones, still survived among the nobility.

The 7th-century Visigothic aristocracy saw itself as bearers of a particular Gothic consciousness and as guardians of old traditions such as Germanic namegiving ; probably these traditions were on the whole restricted to the family sphere ( Hispano-Roman nobles did service for Visigothic nobles already in the 5th century and the two branches of Spanish aristocracy had fully adopted similar customs two centuries later ).

In 1979, the Gothic term was later applied to " newer bands such as Bauhaus who had arrived in the wake of Joy Division and Siouxsie and the Banshees ".

Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulated after the long Gothic War ( 535 – 554 ) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom there.

In the next year Catualda, a Gothic nobleman, who had been exiled by Maroboduus, returned – perhaps by a subversive Roman intervention – and defeated Maroboduus.

This book had enjoyed considerable success in the 1520s, when it went through half a dozen editions ( see External links below for facsimiles and translations ) but did not sustain its influence, perhaps owing to its mostly Latin text, Gothic script and many difficult abbreviations.

However, other terms, such as Gothic architecture, used to refer to a style typical of the High Middle Ages have largely lost the negative connotations they initially had, acquiring new meanings over time ( see Gothic architecture and Goth subculture ).

The neo-Classical approach, similar to that of the White House and the federal Capitol in the United States, was popular at the time and had already been used by Soane in his additions to the old palace, but had connotations of revolution and republicanism, whereas Gothic design embodied conservative values.

Jeffrey Richards interprets his low rank prior to becoming pope as an indication that Theodahad was eager to put a pro-Gothic candidate on the throne on the eve of the Gothic War and " had passed over the entire diaconate as untrustworthy ".

In The Sanscrit Language ( 1786 ) he suggested that all three languages had a common root, and that indeed they may all be further related, in turn, to Gothic and the Celtic languages, as well as to Persian.

The Gothic people in the northern region had supported Procopius in his revolt against Valens, and Valens had learned the Goths were planning an uprising of their own.

Morris, having passed his finals in the previous term, was entered as a pupil at the office of George Edmund Street, one of the leading English Gothic revival architects who had his headquarters in Oxford as architect to the diocese ; and on New Year's Day the first issue of the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine appeared.

The Germanic word probably had a wider meaning prior to the adoption of the Roman calendar, perhaps " succession series ", as suggested by Gothic wikō translating taxis " order " in Luke 1: 8.

Chapter XIV describes the preparations with Wordsworth for their revolutionary collaboration Lyrical Ballads ( first edition 1798 ), for which Coleridge had contributed the more romantic, Gothic pieces including The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.

Increasing friction after the premature death of Heins in 1907 ultimately led the Trustees to dismiss the surviving architect, Christopher Grant LaFarge, and hire the noted Gothic Revival architect Ralph Adams Cram to design the nave and " Gothicize " what LaFarge had already built.

However, his construction of the Gothic alphabet is based upon an entirely different modular system.

The Medieval society, in which Gothic texts are based, granted women writers the opportunity to attribute “ features of the mode Gothicism as the result of the suppression of female sexuality, or else as a challenge to the gender hierarchy and values of a male-dominated culture ”.

This came about through trade with the Byzantines, as well as through Gothic membership of a military covenant, which was based in Byzantium and involved pledges of military assistance.

The initial guesses were based on visual, external resemblances of the Turkic runiform letters with the Gothic runes or with Greek, Etruscan and Anatolian letters, suggesting an Indo-European Alphabet resembling Semitic Phoenician, Gothic, Phoenician-based Greek, etc.

Both the noun (* rīkijan ) and the adjective (* rīkijaz ) are derivations based on a Common Germanic * rīks " ruler, king ", reflected in Gothic as reiks, glossing " leader, ruler, chieftain ".

Published in 1818, it was based on a number of sources, including Ovid's myth of Prometheus ( indeed, the novel is subtitled " The Modern Prometheus "), Milton's Paradise Lost, Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and William Beckford's Gothic novel Vathek.

Gothic ( not Latin-based ), by contrast, simply used a letter based on the Greek Υ for the same sound.

Both treat their own lives like those of heroines in fantastical works of fiction, with Miss Morland likening herself to a character in a Gothic novel and young Briony Tallis writing her own melodramatic stories and plays with central characters such as " spontaneous Arabella " based on herself.

* Wulfila creates a Gothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek and Roman letters, as well as some Germanic runes.

They were influenced by the Gothic Revival ( 1830 – 1880 ) and were interested in medieval styles, using bold forms and strong colors based on medieval designs.

The chronicles on which knowledge of this period is based, written all during the reign of Alphonse III when there was great Gothic ideological influence, are the Sebastianensian Chronicle ( Crónica Sebastianense ), the Albeldensian Chronicle ( Crónica Albeldense ) and the Rotensian Chronicle ( Crónica Rotense ).

It is not a replica, being of an ornate Victorian Gothic design based on George Gilbert Scott's Oxford Martyrs ' Memorial ( 1838 ).

Many Gothic openings are based upon the equilateral form.

The first of these was Gothic romance writer Marilyn Ross's Barnabas Collins series ( 1966 – 71 ) loosely based on the contemporary American TV series Dark Shadows.

Early costumes emphasized the pagan and Gothic nature of the holiday, but by the 1930s costumes based on characters in mass media such as film, literature, and radio were popular.

The dubious assertion, based on a single Syriac source, that the Eastern-Roman rebel general Vitalian, to whom Dionysius seems to have been related, was of Gothic extraction was the base for the labelling, without any further evidence, of all of the Scythian monks, Dionysius included, as " Goths ".

The Swiss-born Johann Heinrich Füssli spent most of his career in England, and while his fundamental style was based on neoclassical principles, his subjects and treatment more often reflected the " Gothic " strain of Romanticism, and sought to evoke drama and excitement.

The large Gothic window with three mullions at the back wall dates from 1386 and was based on cartoons by Niccolò di Pietro Gerini

It is neo Gothic in design, based on the old European medieval cathedrals but much of the outide wallspace is without decoration.

The scene The Last Judgement was probably based on a Byzantine ivory and The Crucifixion was sculpted with the same elegance as contemporary French Gothic art.

Thus, the exterior was given a Dutch Gothic Revival style based on older northeastern mansions, particularly those in older areas of Pennsylvania and in the Hudson River Valley region of New York.

One of his most unusual films, reuniting him with Dickinson, is The Queen of Spades ( 1949 ), an odd, Gothic thriller based on the Alexander Pushkin short story, in which he co-starred with Edith Evans.

The invention of a comprehensive mathematically based system of linear perspective is a defining achievement of the early 15th century Italian Renaissance in Florence, but Gothic painting had already made great progress in the naturalistic depiction of distance and volume, though it did not usually regard them as essential features of a work if other aims conflicted with them, and late Gothic sculpture was increasingly naturalistic.