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The Han Dynasty ( simplified Chinese: 汉朝 ; traditional Chinese: 漢朝 ; pinyin: Hàn Cháo ; 206 BCE – 220 CE ) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms ( 220 – 265 CE ). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the " Han people ".
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Han and Dynasty
Legalism remained influential until the emperors of the Han Dynasty adopted Daoism and later Confucianism as official doctrine.
Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements.
The system of Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty ( 1046 – 256 BC ) and flourished during the Han Dynasty ( 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD ), during which all the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture – the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the 5 elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality – were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.
When the site was excavated by Soviet archaeologists during 1941-45, they realized that they had discovered a building absolutely unique for the area: a large ( 1500 square meters ) Chinese-style, likely Han Dynasty era ( 206 BCE – 220 CE ) palace.
A Han Dynasty ( 202 BC – 220 AD ) Chinese miniature model of two residential towers joined by a bridge
A Han Dynasty oil lamp with a sliding shutter, in the shape of a kneeling female servant, 2nd century BC
The Han Dynasty ( 202 BC – AD 220 ) emerged in 206 BC, with its founder Liu Bang proclaimed emperor in 202 BC.
Under the Han Dynasty, China made great advances in many areas of the arts and sciences.
Han Dynasty general Ban Chao expanded his conquests across the Pamirs to the shores of the Caspian Sea.
In AD 9, the usurper Wang Mang claimed that the Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the Han dynasty and the rise of his own, and he founded the short-lived Xin (" New ") Dynasty.
Emperor Guangwu reinstated the Han Dynasty with the support of landholding and merchant families at Luoyang, east of Xi ' an.
This new era would be termed the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Taking advantage of civil war in the Jin Dynasty, the contemporary non-Han Chinese ( Wu Hu ) ethnic groups controlled much of the country in the early 4th century and provoked large-scale Han Chinese migrations to south of the Yangtze River.
The History of the Former Han Dynasty by Pan Ku.
* Hill, John E. Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE.
China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BCE – CE 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty.
Confucianism originated as an " ethical-sociopolitical teaching " during the Spring and Autumn Period, but later developed metaphysical and cosmological elements in the Han Dynasty.
Confucian ethics is characterized by the promotion of virtues, encompassed by the Five Constants, or the Wuchang ( 五常 ), extrapolated by Confucian scholars during the Han Dynasty.
During the Warring States Period and the early Han Dynasty, China grew greatly and the need arose for a solid and centralized cadre of government officers able to read and write administrative papers.
During the Han Dynasty, Confucianism developed from an ethical system into a political ideology used to legitimize the rule of the political elites.
Mohism though popular at first due to its emphasis on brotherly love versus harsh Qin Legalism, fell out of favour during the Han Dynasty due to the efforts of Confucians in establishing their views as political orthodoxy.
Legalism remained influential until the emperors of the Han Dynasty adopted Daoism and later Confucianism as official doctrine.
Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements.
During the Qing Dynasty many philosophers objected against Neo-Confucianism and there was a return to the Han Dynasty Confucianism, and also the reprise of the controversy between Old Text and New Text.
Han and simplified
In A New Hope, for instance, the language spoken by the character Greedo in conversation with Han Solo ( in the cantina ) is actually a simplified version of Quechua, an indigenous language of the Andean region of South America.
* Medical treatise of the renowned physician Hua Tuo ( traditional Chinese: 華佗 ; simplified Chinese: 华陀 ; pinyin: Huà Tuó ) from late Eastern Han.
Chinese folk religion ( simplified Chinese: 中国民间宗教 or 中国民间信仰, pinyin: Zhongguo minjian zongjiao or Zhongguo minjian xinyang ) or Shenism ( Shenjiao, 神教 ) are labels used to describe the collection of ethnic religious traditions which have been the majority belief system in China and among Han Chinese ethnic groups for the most part of the civilization's history till today.
Zhang Qian ( traditional Chinese 張騫 ; simplified Chinese 张骞 ; Wade-Giles Chang Ch ' ien, pronounced " Jang Chyen ") was an imperial envoy to the world outside of China in the 2nd century BCE, during the time of the Han Dynasty.
* The Chinese name for the main Chinese language or language of the Han people ( 漢語 ( traditional ) / 汉语 ( simplified ); pinyin hànyǔ ).
Han and Chinese
The Chinese world view during the Han dynasty, when the Lo Shu seems to have been at the height of its popularity, was based in large part on the teachings of the Yin-Yang and Five-Elements School, which was traditionally founded by Tsou Yen.
The identity of the high-ranking personage who lived luxuriously in Chinese style, far outside of the borders of the Han Empire, has remained a matter for discussion ever since.
Classical Chinese astronomy is recorded in the Han period and appears in the form of three schools, which are attributed to astronomers of the Zhanguo period.
** Han Chinese, the dominant ethnic group in mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore
* Chinese language, a language or family of languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China
The conventional view of Chinese history is that of alternating periods of political unity and disunity, with China occasionally being dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were in turn assimilated into the Han Chinese population.
Though the unified reign of the First Qin Emperor lasted only 12 years, he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core of the Han Chinese homeland and to unite them under a tightly centralized Legalist government seated at Xianyang ( close to modern Xi ' an ).
The Manchus enforced a ' queue order ,' forcing the Han Chinese to adopt the Manchu queue hairstyle and Manchu-style clothing.
The Six Dynasties era saw the rise of the Xuanxue philosophical school and the maturation of Chinese Buddhism, which had entered China from India during the Late Han Dynasties.
Herbs were important to the Chinese people, especially during the Han Dynasty.
Further east, the military history of China, specifically northern China, held a long tradition of intense military exchange between Han Chinese infantry forces of the settled dynastic empires and the mounted nomads or " barbarians " of the north.
The Chinese recognized early on during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC-220 AD ) that they were at a disadvantage in lacking the number of horses the northern nomadic peoples mustered in their armies.
After the war, 200, 000 Chinese troops under General Lu Han were sent by Chiang Kai-shek to northern Indochina ( north of the 16th parallel ) to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces there, and remained in Indochina until 1946, when the French returned.
Chiang Kai-shek considered both the Han Chinese and all the minority peoples of China, the Five Races Under One Union, as descendants of Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor and semi mythical founder of the Chinese nation, and belonging to the Chinese Nation Zhonghua Minzu and he introduced this into Kuomintang ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China.
The Emperor Wu of the Western Han dynasty introduced reforms that have governed the Chinese calendar ever since.
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