Under Liu Yuan, the Xiongnu rebelled near today's Linfen County and established the state of Han Zhao.

Under the succeeding Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence.

Chiang Kai-shek considered both the Han Chinese and all the minority peoples of China, the Five Races Under One Union, as descendants of Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor and semi mythical founder of the Chinese nation, and belonging to the Chinese Nation Zhonghua Minzu and he introduced this into Kuomintang ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China.

" Han independence " was therefore scrapped in favor of the Five Races Under One Union principle, which later developed into the theory of Zhonghua minzu.

Under Guangwu's rule the Han Empire was restored.

Under Emperor Wen, the Liu Song economy prospered in the rule of Yuanjia ( Chinese: 元嘉之治 ), a famed period of precious prosperity in the 400 years of conflict between the Han and Tang dynasties.

Under Modu's leadership, the Xiongnu threatened the Han Dynasty, almost causing Liu Bang to lose his throne in 200 BCE.

Under Liu Yuan's leadership, they were joined by a large number of frontier Chinese and became known as Bei Han.

Under the Mongols ' control, Jurchens were mainly divided in two groups and treated differently: the ones who were born and raised in North China and fluent in Chinese were considered as Chinese people ( Han ); but the people who were born and raised in Jurchen's homeland ( Manchuria ) without a Chinese-speaking abilities were treated as Mongols politically.

Under the Han Dynasty, the Northern Silk Road was expanded to advance exploration and military purposes to the west.

Under Hongwu's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan Dynasty's time were replaced by Han Chinese officials.

Under the reign of the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC to 220 AD ), which brought China to its first golden age, Jiangsu was a relative backwater, far removed from the centers of civilization in the North China Plain.

Under the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Yuzhang Commandery was assigned to Yangzhou Province, as part of a trend to establish provinces ( zhou ) all across China.

In Shanghai and northern China, a " Five-Colored Flag " () ( Five Races Under One Union flag ) was used of five horizontal stripes representing the five major nationalities of China: the Han ( red ), the Manchu ( yellow ), the Mongol ( blue ), the Hui ( white ), and the Tibetan ( black ).

Under the dynastic laws after 1636, all Han Chinese in the banner system were forced to wear a queue and dress in Manchurian qipao instead of traditional Han Chinese clothing ( 剃发易服 ), under penalty of death ( along with the July 1645 edict ( the " haircutting order ") that forced all adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into a queue, on pain of death ).

Under this scenario, Chanyu Zhi would be attacked and forced to retreat to the Dingling tribes ( around Lake Baikal ), and Xiongnu would be divided into 15 small kingdoms to be ruled by 15 descendants of Chanyu Huhanye, who had first established friendly relations with Han.

Under Emperor Xuan, the Han dynasty prospered economically and militarily.

Under the ideology of the Five Races in Unity, Huangdi became the common ancestor of the Han, the Manchus, the Mongols, the Tibetans, and the Hui Muslims, who were said to form the Zhonghua minzu, a broadly understood Chinese nation.

Under Emperor Wu of Han, the Chinese launched a series of massive cavalry expeditions against the Xiongnu, defeating them and conquering much of what is now Northern China, Western China, Mongolia, Central Asia, and Korea.

Under the Wei Dynasty, the military system changed from the centralized military system of the Han.

Under Goi's reign, Baekje expanded control of the Han River region and gained permanent ascendancy over the remaining states of the Mahan, a loose confederacy in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula.

Under the strong influence of Chinese culture and forces of cultural assimilation brought by Han settlers in the 17th century, the aborigines have gradually adopted Han names.

* Under the Yongle Emperor of Ming China, work begins to reinstate the ancient Grand Canal of China, which fell into disuse and dilapidation during the previous Yuan Dynasty.

* Under the Song Dynasty, China's first permanent standing navy is established in this year, with the headquarters of the admiral stationed at Dinghai.

Under his successor Samsu-iluna ( 1749-1712 BC ) the far south of Mesopotamia was lost to a native Akkadian king called Ilum-ma-ili and became The Sealand Dynasty, remaining free of Babylon for the next 272 years, and both the Babylonians and Amorites were driven from Assyria to the north by an Assyrian governor named Puzur-Sin, and after a civil war, a native king named Adasi seized power.

Under the Qing Dynasty ( 1636 – 1912 ), Greater Mongolia was administered in a different way for each region:

Under the leadership of Ögedei Khan ( r. 1229 – 1241 ), both the Jin Dynasty and Western Xia Dynasty were conquered by Mongol forces.

Under the Wangchu Dynasty, the country enjoyed peace and progress under successive reformist monarchs.

Under the Ming Dynasty, commerce in Northeast Asia and Sakhalin was placed under the " system for subjugated peoples ", or ximin tizhi.

Under the Song Dynasty, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China.

Martin, Bradley K. Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty.

Under the Qing Dynasty, which they founded, Shandong acquired ( more or less ) its current borders.

Under King Djoser, the first king of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, the royal capital of Egypt was moved to Memphis, where Djoser established his court.

* Bradley Martin, Under The Loving Care Of The Fatherly Leader: North Korea And The Kim Dynasty, St. Martins ( October 2004 ), hardcover, 868 pages, ISBN 0-312-32221-6

Under the Ming Dynasty, the law protected both slaves and free citizens.

Under the Yuan Dynasty ( 1206 – 1368 ) the island became an independent province then in 1370 was placed under the administration of Guangdong Province by the ruling Ming Dynasty.

Under the Song Dynasty, the unprecedented development of large estates, whose owners managed to evade paying their share of taxes, resulted in an increasingly heavy burden of taxation on the peasantry.

* Under Qing Dynasty rule, this was translated from tīng ( 廳 ) in Chinese

Under Parthian and Sassanian Iranian empires, scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions by the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to be expanded over the other countries.

Under Mao Zedong, the People's Republic of China held its first in 1952, but the second in 1963 was secret and unacknowledged until the early 1980s.

Under a protocol of cooperation in the military field, the Government of China will also provide support to the Ministry of Defence of Mozambique with about 1 million euros for the areas of training and logistics.

Under this deal, allegedly, Nauru would also establish an embassy in China and perform certain " safehouse " and courier services for the U. S. government, in a scheme codenamed " Operation Weasel ".

Under the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the NPC is the highest organ of state power in China.

Peru has signed a number of free trade agreements, including the 2007 United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement, and agreements with Chile, Canada, Singapore, Thailand and China. Under President Alan Garcia administration Peru achieved a bilateral Trade agreement with U. S. since 2010 to improve exports for its country and reach in August 2011 its pick in exports of more than 4, 700 MM.

Under Deng Xiaoping, the leadership of China embarked upon a programme of market-based reform that was more sweeping than had been Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika program of the late 1980s.

Under the Republic of China ( 1911 – 1949 ), Shanghai's political status was finally raised to that of a municipality on 14 July 1927.

Under the One-China policy, this would result in the severing of ties with the People's Republic of China.

( Encyclopaedia of Saarc Nations, Syed ) Under pressure from China, the Bhutanese government demanded that the four thousand Tibetan refugees living in Bhutan either become Bhutanese citizens or go into exile.

Under the administrative division system of the Republic of China, some cities are directly administered by the Executive Yuan, some are administered by provinces ( the province of Taiwan is nominal ), and some are subordinate to counties.

Under Putin, Russia has sought to strengthen ties with the People's Republic of China by signing the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation as well building the Trans-Siberian oil pipeline geared toward growing Chinese energy needs.

Under the Russian Empire of the 19th century, missionaries such as Nicholas Ilminsky moved into the subject lands and propagated Orthodoxy, including through Belarus, Latvia, Moldova, Finland, Estonia, Ukraine, and China.

Under the Development Plan for Renewable Energy in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan in the People's Republic of China, the target is to increase the application of ethanol fuel by nongrain feedstock to 2 million tonnes, and that of biodiesel to 200 thousand tonnes by 2010.

Under the command of the British minister to China, Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the legation staff and security personnel defended the compound with small arms, three machine guns, and one old muzzle-loaded cannon, which was nicknamed the International Gun because the barrel was British, the carriage Italian, the shells Russian, and the crew American.

Under his tenure, the government of the Republic of China, while authoritarian, became more open and tolerant of political dissent.

Under threat of war from three Western political powers, in November 1895, Japan — a weaker emerging nation not yet perceived as even a regional power — receded (' ceded back ') control of the territory and withdrew its de jure claim on the Liaotung peninsula in return for an increased war indemnity from China of 30 million Taels.

Under this consensus, both governments agree that there is only one sovereign state encompassing both mainland China and Taiwan, but disagree about which of the two governments is the legitimate government of this state.

Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use, until he was evicted after a coup in 1924.