Another important work, in the northern dialect of Old Saxon, is a life of Christ in the style of a heroic epic known as the Heliand.

Kennings are virtually absent from the surviving corpus of continental West Germanic verse ; the Old Saxon Heliand contains only one example: lîk-hamo “ body-raiment ” = “ body ” ( Heliand 3453 b ), a compound which, in any case, is normal in West Germanic and North Germanic prose ( Old English līchama, Old High German lîchamo, lîchinamo, Dutch lichaam, Old Icelandic líkamr, líkami, Old Swedish līkhamber, Swedish lekamen, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål legeme, Norwegian Nynorsk lekam ).

The only literary text preserved is Heliand.

Heliand is the largest known work of written Old Saxon.

A. Schmeller, gave the appropriate name of Heliand ( the word used in the text for Savior, answering to the Old English and the modern German and Dutch Heiland ), is, with the fragments of a version of the story of Genesis believed to be by the same author, all that remains of the poetical literature of the old Saxons, i. e. the Saxons who continued in their original home.

Such external evidence as exists bearing on the origin of the Heliand and the companion poem is contained in a Latin document printed by Flacius Illyricus in 1562.

The Versus, considered in themselves, might very well be supposed to relate to Caedmon ; but the mention of the five ages of the world in the concluding lines is obviously due to recollection of the opening of the Heliand ( lines 46 – 47 ).

It is therefore certain that the Versus, as well as the Praefatio, attribute to the author of the Heliand a poetic rendering of the Old Testament.

Their testimony, if accepted, confirms the ascription to him of the Genesis fragments, which is further supported by the fact that they occur in the same MS. with a portion of the Heliand.

That the author of the Heliand was, so to speak, another Caedmon – an unlearned man who turned into poetry what was read to him from the sacred writings – is impossible, because in many passages the text of the sources is so closely followed that it is clear that the poet wrote with the Latin books before him.

On the other hand, there is no reason for rejecting the almost contemporary testimony of the first part of the Free folio that the author of the Heliand had won renown as a poet before he undertook his great task at the emperor's command.

As has been said above, the tone of many portions of the Heliand is that of a man who was no mere imitator of the ancient epic, but who had himself been accustomed to sing of heroic themes.

The most recent book on the subject in English is James E. Cathey's Heliand: Text and Commentary ( 2002 ) ( Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, ISBN 0-937058-64-5 ) which includes an edited version of the text in the original language, commentaries in English and a very useful grammar of Old Saxon along with an appended glossary defining all of the vocabulary found in this version.

Another important work, in the northern dialect of Old Saxon, is a life of Christ in the style of a heroic epic known as the Heliand.

The Heliand, a verse epic of the life of Christ in a Germanic setting, and Genesis, another epic retelling of the events of the first book of the Bible, were commissioned in the early ninth century by Louis to disseminate scriptural knowledge to the masses.

The Old English epic Beowulf, as well as most other Old English poetry, the Old High German Muspilli, the Old Saxon Heliand, and the Old Norse Poetic Edda all use alliterative verse.

In the Heliand the Saviour and His Apostles are conceived as a king and his faithful warriors, and the use of the traditional epic phrases appears to be not, as with Cynewulf or the author of Andreas, a mere following of accepted models, but the spontaneous mode of expression of one accustomed to sing of heroic themes.

In 546 Victor of Capua discovered such a mixed manuscript ; and, further corrected by Victor so as to provide a very pure Vulgate text within a modified Diatessaron sequence, this harmony, the Codex Fuldensis, survives in the monastic library at Fulda, where it served as the source text for vernacular harmonies in Old High German, Eastern Frankish and Old Saxon ( the alliterative poem ' Heliand ').

In Old Saxon Heliand it appears as and in Old High German poem Muspilli it appears as.

The words Mūdspelli and Mūtspelli are used in the same way in the 9th-century Old Saxon poem Heliand.

The questions relating to the Heliand cannot be adequately discussed without considering also the poem on the history of Genesis, which, on the grounds of similarity in style and vocabulary, and for other reasons afterwards to be mentioned, may with some confidence be referred to the same author.

G. Ronald Murphy of Georgetown University wrote two books on the subject, The Saxon Saviour: The Germanic Transformation of the Gospel in the Ninth-Century Heliand ( 1989 ) ( New York: Oxford University Press ) and an English translation of the poem The Heliand: The Saxon Gospel ( 1992 ) ( New York: Oxford University Press ).

Accounts of the symbel are preserved in the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf ( lines 489-675 and 1491 – 1500 ), Dream of the Rood and Judith, Old Saxon Heliand, and the Old Norse Lokasenna as well as other Eddic and Saga texts, such as in the Heimskringla account of the funeral ale held by King Sweyn, or in the Fagrskinna.

The only literary texts preserved are Heliand and the Old Saxon Genesis.

The first complete edition of the Heliand was published by J.

The production of such translations grew out of the insertion of vernacular glosses in biblical texts, as well as out of the production of biblical paraphrases and poetic renditions of stories from the life of Christ ( e. g., the Heliand ).

Biblical paraphrases and poetic renditions of stories from the life of Christ ( e. g., the Heliand ) became popular in the middle ages, as did the portrayal of the arrest, trial and execution of Jesus in Passion plays.

The portions that have been preserved in the original language are contained in the same Vatican MS. that includes the fragment of the Heliand referred to above.

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