IEEE standard 802. 15. 4 intends to offer the fundamental lower network layers of a type of wireless personal area network ( WPAN ) which focuses on low-cost, low-speed ubiquitous communication between devices ( in contrast with other, more end-user oriented approaches, such as Wi-Fi ).

The IEEE focuses on the physical and MAC layers ; the Internet Engineering Task Force works on layers 3 and above.

However, many common modern bus systems can be used for both ; SATA and the associated eSATA are one example of a system that would formerly be described as internal, while in certain automotive applications use the primarily external IEEE 1394 in a fashion more similar to a system bus.

The database research area has several notable dedicated academic journals ( e. g., ACM Transactions on Database Systems-TODS, Data and Knowledge Engineering-DKE, and more ) and annual conferences ( e. g., ACM SIGMOD, ACM PODS, VLDB, IEEE ICDE, and more ), as well as an active and quite heterogeneous ( subject-wise ) research community all over the world.

This specification became more popular because it was available at no cost, whereas the IEEE charged a substantial fee for access to the POSIX specification.

The current moves in standardization with IEEE, IETF and several industry groups ( e. g. Bluetooth ) leads to more various interfacing under the WPAN ( wireless personal area network ) and the WBAN ( Wireless body area network ) offer new classification of designs for interfacing and networking.

The IEEE Glossary defines interoperability as: the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged.

The updated IEEE 1076, in 1993, made the syntax more consistent, allowed more flexibility in naming, extended the type to allow ISO-8859-1 printable characters, added the operator, etc.

The IEEE includes 38 technical Societies, organized around specialized technical fields, with more than 300 local organizations that hold regular meetings.

IEEE standards affect a wide range of industries including: power and energy, biomedical and healthcare, Information Technology ( IT ), telecommunications, transportation, nanotechnology, information assurance, and many more.

One of the more notable IEEE standards is the IEEE 802 LAN / MAN group of standards which includes the IEEE 802. 3 Ethernet standard and the IEEE 802. 11 Wireless Networking standard.

* IEEE eLearning Library – an online library of more than 200 self-study multimedia short courses and tutorials in technical fields of interest to the IEEE.

IEEE 802. 3ah, ratified in 2004 added two more gigabit fiber standards, 1000BASE-LX10 ( which was already widely implemented as vendor specific extension ) and 1000BASE-BX10.

Subsequent ballots in the IEEE P1014 Working Group and the MSC resulted in more comments and required that the IEEE P1014 draft be updated.

In some networks, such as IEEE 802 local area networks, the data link layer is described in more detail with media access control ( MAC ) and logical link control ( LLC ) sublayers ; this means that the IEEE 802. 2 LLC protocol can be used with all of the IEEE 802 MAC layers, such as Ethernet, token ring, IEEE 802. 11, etc., as well as with some non-802 MAC layers such as FDDI.

Professional interfaces usually use one or more IEEE 1394 ( commonly known as FireWire ) connections.

In the April – June, 2008, issue of IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, computer scientists describe a potential new way to combat internet worms.

Thirty years later, on March 6, 2009, Philips received an IEEE Milestone award with the following citation: " On 8 March 1979, N. V. Philips ' Gloeilampenfabrieken demonstrated for the international press a Compact Disc Audio Player.

A literature compendium for a large variety of audio coding systems was published in the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications ( JSAC ), February 1988.

As early as March 1982 ECMA TC24 with its corporate members reached agreement on a standard for CSMA / CD based on the IEEE 802 draft.

Approval of Ethernet on the international level was achieved by a similar, cross-partisan action with Fromm as liaison officer working to integrate International Electrotechnical Commission, TC83 and International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) TC97SC6, and the ISO / IEEE 802 / 3 standard was approved in 1984.

* K. Malhotra, S. Gardner, and R. Patz, Implementation of Elliptic-Curve Cryptography on Mobile Healthcare Devices, Networking, Sensing and Control, 2007 IEEE International Conference on, London, 15 – 17 April 2007 Page ( s ): 239 – 244

Armstrong managed to demonstrate the advantages of FM radio despite Carson's skepticism in a now-famous paper on FM in the Proceedings of the IRE in 1936, which was reprinted in the August 1984 issue of Proceedings of the IEEE.

For example, a fixed-point representation that has seven decimal digits with two decimal places can represent the numbers 12345. 67, 123. 45, 1. 23 and so on, whereas a floating-point representation ( such as the IEEE 754 decimal32 format ) with seven decimal digits could in addition represent 1. 234567, 123456. 7, 0. 00001234567, 1234567000000000, and so on.

IEEE 802. 15. 3b-2005 amendment was released on May 5, 2006.

IEEE 802. 15. 3c-2009 was published on September 11, 2009.

The low-rate mesh is built on IEEE 802. 15. 4-2006 MAC, while the high rate mesh utilizes IEEE 802. 15. 3 / 3b MAC.

The IEEE P802. 15 Wireless Next Generation Standing Committee ( SCwng ) is chartered to facilitate and stimulate presentations and discussions on new Wireless related Technologies that may be subject for new 802. 15 standardization projects or to address the whole 802. 15 work group with issues or concerns with current techniques or technologies.

Upon approval on March 8, 2007, 802. 11REVma was renamed to the then-current base standard IEEE 802. 11-2007.

Upon publication on March 29, 2012, the new standard was referred to as IEEE 802. 11-2012.

Workshop on Physics and Computation PhysComp ' 92 ( IEEE Comp.

It is almost never implemented on Ethernet, although it is used on FDDI and on token ring, IEEE 802. 11, and other IEEE 802 networks.

The floating-point control register ( FPCR ) is a 64-bit register defined by the architecture intended for use by Alpha implementations with IEEE 754-compliant floating-point hardware.

IEEE 802. 11ad " WiGig " is a new proposed standard that is already seeing a major push from hardware manufactures.

IEEE 1355 and Spacewire are a family of simplified physical-layer standards very similar in function at the hardware level to MPLS.

The only pieces of legacy hardware that use ISA DMA and are still fairly common are the built-in Floppy disk controllers of many PC mainboards and those IEEE 1284 parallel ports that support the fast ECP mode.

Verilog, standardized as IEEE 1364, is a hardware description language ( HDL ) used to model electronic systems.

This internal tagging is what allows IEEE 802. 1Q to work on both access and trunk links: frames are standard Ethernet, and so can be handled by commodity hardware.

* Vitit Kantabutra, " On hardware for computing exponential and trigonometric functions ," IEEE Trans.

Some programs ( especially those that use fixed-point arithmetic where no dedicated floating-point hardware is available ) will use behavior similar to the IEEE standard, using large positive and negative numbers to approximate infinities.

While ( as of 2010 ) typical wireless devices for the consumer market can reach speeds of 300 Mbit / s ( megabits per second ) ( IEEE 802. 11n ) or 54 Mbit / s ( IEEE 802. 11g ), wired hardware of similar cost reaches 1000 Mbit / s ( Gigabit Ethernet ).

DCF is defined in subclause 9. 2 of the IEEE 802. 11 standard and is the de-facto default setting for Wi-Fi hardware.

Many hardware floating point units use the IEEE 754 standard.

TinyOS, Unison RTOS, DSPnano RTOS and Contiki stacks also use a few items of IEEE 802. 15. 4 hardware.

The IEEE 1164 standard defines a package design unit that contains declarations that support a uniform representation of a logic value in a VHDL hardware description.

IEEE decimal floating-point was added to IBM System z9 GA2 in 2007 using millicode and in 2008 to the IBM System z10 in hardware.

It extends the previous version ( C90 ) with new linguistic and library features, and helps implementations make better use of available computer hardware, such as IEEE 754 arithmetic, and compiler technology.

A major feature of C99 is its numerics support, and in particular its support for access to the features of IEEE 754 ( also known as IEC 60559 ) floating point hardware present in the vast majority of modern processors ( defined in " Annex F IEC 60559 floating-point arithmetic ").

On hardware with IEEE 754 floating point:

* Vitit Kantabutra, On hardware for computing exponential and trigonometric functions, IEEE Trans.

The IEEE 1284 standard allows for faster throughput and bidirectional data flow with a theoretical maximum throughput of 4 megabytes per second ; actual throughput is around 2 megabytes / second, depending on hardware.

TKIP was designed by the IEEE 802. 11i task group and the Wi-Fi Alliance as a solution to replace WEP without requiring the replacement of legacy hardware.

* The IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, a computer science research journal on the history of computer science and history of computer hardware

The IEEE 754 specification — followed by all modern floating-point hardware — requires that the result of an elementary arithmetic operation ( addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root ) be within 0. 5 ULP of the mathematically exact result — that is, that it be the best possible result.

Although saturation arithmetic is less popular for integer arithmetic in hardware, the IEEE floating-point standard, the most popular abstraction for dealing with approximate real numbers, uses a form of saturation in which overflow is converted into " infinity " or " negative infinity ", and any other operation on this result continues to produce the same value.