In World War II, during Operation Market Garden ( September 1944 ), the British 1st Airborne Division and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem.

Comet envisioned using the 1st Airborne Division, along with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, to secure several bridges over the River Rhine to aid the Allied advance into the North German Plain.

The Divisional Headquarters for the 1st Airborne Division, with the 1st Airlanding Brigade and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were to land at Nijmegen, 1st Parachute Brigade was to land at Arnhem, and 4th Parachute Brigade was to land at Grave.

The 82nd Airborne Division, under Brigadier General James M. Gavin, would drop northeast of them to take the bridges at Grave and Nijmegen and the British 1st Airborne Division, under Major-General Roy Urquhart, with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, under Brigadier General Stanisław Sosabowski, attached would drop at the extreme north end of the route, capturing the road bridge at Arnhem and the rail bridge at Oosterbeek.

In 1993, the Paratroopers Corps was transferred from the Portuguese Air Force to the Portuguese Army and become the Airborne Troops Command, with the Independent Airborne Brigade as its operational unit.

They were massively expanded during World War II, forming ten Airborne Corps plus numerous Independent Airborne Brigades, with most or all achieving Guards status.

They were later rebuilt during the Cold War, eventually forming seven Airborne Divisions, an Independent Airborne regiment and sixteen Air Assault Brigades.

Called the " 1st Airborne Task Force ", the force was composed of the 1st Special Services Forces, British 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade, the 517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team, the 509th and 551st Parachute Infantry Battalions, the glider-borne 550th Airborne Infantry Battalion, and supporting units.

These were the British 1st Airborne Division, the US 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division, as well as the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade.

Farthest north, the British 1st Airborne Division, supported by men of the Glider Pilot Regiment and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade, landed at Arnhem to secure bridges across the Nederrijn.

Montgomery's plan involved dropping the U. S. 101st Airborne Division to capture key bridges around Eindhoven, the 82nd Airborne Division to secure key crossings around Nijmegen, and the British 1st Airborne Division, with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade attached, to capture three bridges across the Rhine at Arnhem.

Some of the Soviet land forces based at Bagram included the 108th Motor Rifle Division and the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment of the 105th Guards Airborne Division.

American paratroops were dropped at intermediate points north of Allied lines, with the British 1st Airborne Division and Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade at the tip of the salient at Arnhem.

Finally, between 21 April and 26 April, Exercise ' Mush ' utilised approximately 700 aircraft to deploy the 1st Airborne Division and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade against the 6th Airborne Division, who moved by road, in a simulation of a full-scale airborne operation.

The last substantive and successful classical cavalry charge of the war that made on March 1, 1945 during the Battle of Schoenfeld by the 1st " Warsaw " Independent Cavalry Brigade.

It was not until the 113th Rifle Brigade and the 365th Independent Naval Infantry Rifle Battalion from Sovetskaya Gavan landed on 16 August at — a seashore village of western Sakhalin — that the Soviets broke the Japanese defence line.

The Independent Monitoring Commission was highly critical of the leadership for having condoned and even sanctioned the attack, in contrast to praise bestowed on the Brigade Staff for a moderating influence during the marching season.

Urquhart also had the 1st Independent Polish Brigade under his command, who would also be joining the British in the operation to seize the bridges.

After World War II he served in the Independent Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany, part of the Allied forces occupying post-war Germany.

The only British land forces to take part were the 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade.

When the Gilberts fell to the United States, the Imperial Japanese Army assigned the 1st Amphibious Brigade, a unit formed from the 3rd Independent Garrison unit previously stationed in Manchukuo, to defend the atoll.

On 15 January, the entire 925th Independent Brigade of the PAVN had crossed into Laos to reinforce the Pathet Lao / Neutralist coalition.

The Independent Air Force continued the task of the VIII Brigade from which it was formed, carrying out intensive strategic bombing attacks on German railways, airfields and industrial centres.

His father was a shipping merchant who was brought up as a Catholic but had Protestant sympathies, and his mother was a devout Independent unaffiliated with the Anglican Church.

In March 2000, Independent Counsel Robert Ray determined that there was no credible evidence of any crime.

The Holy See accepts as valid the ordinations of the Old Catholics in communion with Utrecht, as well as the Polish National Catholic Church ( which received its orders directly from Utrecht, and was — until recently — part of that communion ); but Roman Catholicism does not recognise the orders of any group whose teaching is at variance with what they consider the core tenets of Christianity ; this is the case even though the clergy of the Independent Catholic groups may use the proper ordination ritual.

However, following a further independent review on the future structure of the British Army-18 July 2011 " Future Reserves 2020-The Independent Commission to review the United Kingdom's Reserve Forces "-it was announced that the Regular Army will be reduced to a trained strength of 82, 000 while the Territorial Army will be increased to a trained strength of around 30, 000 personnel.

He was a Marxist physician and member of Chile's Socialist Party, who headed the " Popular Unity " ( UP or " Unidad Popular ") coalition of the Socialist, Communist, Radical, and Social-Democratic Parties, along with dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement ( MAPU ), and the Independent Popular Action.

The nearest CND has come to having an electoral arm was the Independent Nuclear Disarmament Election Campaign ( INDEC ) which stood candidates in a few local elections during the 1960s.

The voting process, though technically difficult due to the lack of infrastructure, was facilitated and organized by the Congolese Independent Electoral Commission with support from the UN mission to the Congo ( MONUC ).

During this time Duchamp began exhibiting " readymades " ( everyday objects found or purchased and declared art ) such as a bottle rack, and was active in the Society of Independent Artists.

In 1937, in debt to printing-plant owner and magazine distributor Harry Donenfeld — who also published pulp magazines and operated as a principal in the magazine distributorship Independent News — Wheeler-Nicholson was compelled to take Donenfeld on as a partner in order to publish Detective Comics # 1.

A similar declaration was issued with regard to Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo's conferring of episcopal ordination on four men-all of whom, by virtue of previous Independent Catholic consecrations, claimed already to be bishops-on 24 September 2006: the Holy See, as well as stating that, in accordance with Canon 1382 of the Code of Canon Law, all five men involved incurred automatic (" latae sententiae ") excommunication through their actions, declared that " the Church does not recognise and does not intend in the future to recognise these ordinations or any ordinations derived from them, and she holds that the canonical state of the four alleged bishops is the same as it was prior to the ordination.

After claiming this, Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr, who was investigating Clinton in the Paula Jones lawsuit, issued a subpoena to have her testify her claim in court.

Moreover, in Yugoslavia there existed the Jasenovac concentration camp ( August 1941 – April 1945 ), which was the only central extermination camp outside of Poland, and the only one not operated by Nazis, but by the fascist Ustaše forces of the Independent State of Croatia, the majority of whose victims were Orthodox Christian Serbs, Roma, and Jews.

Indeed the Republic of Independent Guyana, in French La République de la Guyane indépendante and commonly referred to by the name of the capital " Counani ", was created in the area which was disputed by France ( as part of French Guyana ) and Brazil in the late nineteenth century.

Independent production usually meant restricted circumstances, but not always — Sweet Smell of Success, for instance, despite the original plans of the production team, was clearly not made on the cheap, though like many other cherished A-budget noirs it might be said to have a B-movie soul.

In 1935 there was the " East New York Science Fiction League " ( ENYSFL ), later the " Independent League for Science Fiction " ( ILSF ).

The Westropes and Kimche were members of the Independent Labour Party, although at this time Blair was not seriously politically active.

The CUTH was formed in May 1992 by two principal labor federations, the Unitary Federation of Honduran Workers ( Federación Unitaria de Trabajadores de Honduras — FUTH ) and the Independent Federation of Honduran Workers ( Federación Independiente de Trabajadores de Honduras — FITH ), as well as several smaller labor groups, all critical of the Callejas government's neoliberal economic reform program.

The growing importance of the working classes was marked by Keir Hardie's success in the Mid Lanarkshire by-election, 1888, leading to the foundation of the Scottish Labour Party, which was absorbed into the Independent Labour Party in 1895, with Hardie as its first leader.

Independent of the question of single authorship is the near-universal agreement, after the work of Milman Parry, that the Homeric poems are dependent on an oral tradition, a generations-old technique that was the collective inheritance of many singer-poets ( aoidoi ).

The plan was to replace the British Mandate with " Independent Arab and Jewish States " and a " Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem administered by the United Nations ".