The colony had been small until the Spanish Inquisition of 1492 drove many Jews into Rome.

But by this time the Inquisition had grown very powerful.

The Christian censorship of the Jewish Talmud in the aftermath of the Disputation of Barcelona and during the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition, let the term spread within the Jewish classical texts, since the church censors replaced terms like Minim (" sectarians ", coined on the Christians ) with the term Epikorsim or Epicursim, meaning heretics, since the church had heavily persecuted heretics at that time.

Throughout this period, the Inquisition, a Roman Catholic organisation, had organised the mass suppression of peoples and views that they considered heretical.

The Spanish manuscript also contains a preface by one assuming the pseudonym ' Fra Marino ', claiming to have stolen a copy of the Italian version from the library of Pope Sixtus V. Fra Marino reports that, having a post in the Inquisition Court, he had come into possession of several works, which led him to believe that the Biblical text had been corrupted, and that genuine apostolic texts had been improperly excluded.

In literature such Anti-Catholicism had a European dimension featuring Roman Catholic institutions such as the Inquisition ( in southern European countries such as Italy and Spain ).

Meanwhile Rome had drifted further into reaction, and Contarini died while legate at Bologna, at a time when the Inquisition had driven many of his friends and fellows in conviction into exile.

In northern Europe the Inquisition was somewhat more benign: in the Scandinavian countries it had hardly any impact.

In the 13th century the town suffered much from the ravages of the Albigensian war and from the Inquisition, but by 1317 it had recovered sufficiently to be chosen by John XXII as the head of a diocese of which the basilica of St Théodard became the cathedral.

Some accounts of Nostradamus's life state that he was afraid of being persecuted for heresy by the Inquisition, but neither prophecy nor astrology fell in this bracket, and he would have been in danger only if he had practiced magic to support them.

Earlier, the guilds of writers had denounced the printing press as " the Devil's Invention ", and were responsible for a 53-year lag between its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in Europe in c. 1440 and its introduction to the Ottoman society with the first Gutenberg press in Istanbul that was established by the Sephardic Jews of Spain in 1493 ( who had migrated to the Ottoman Empire a year earlier, escaping from the Spanish Inquisition of 1492.

In his wider policy, which was characterised throughout by an effective stringency, the maintenance and increase of the efficacy of the Inquisition and the enforcement of the canons and decrees of the Council of Trent had precedence over other considerations.

The rescuers are led by Napoleon's General Lasalle ( who was not, however, in command of the French occupation of Toledo ) and this places the action during the Peninsular War, centuries after the height of the Spanish Inquisition and at a time when it had lost much of its power.

The Inquisition was aimed mostly at Jews and Muslims who had overtly converted to Christianity but were thought to be practicing their faiths secretly.

The persecution of witches began in 1563, and hundreds were executed, although there was nothing like the frenzy on the Continent Mary had tried her hand at an aggressive anti-Protestant Inquisition and was hated for it ; it was not to be repeated.

All that could henceforth be expected of Paul was that he would co-operate in the violent suppression of heretics in Germany, as he had done in Italy, by creating an arm of the revived Inquisition for their annihilation.

In 1855 he published an edition of Benefizio della Morte di Cristo, a remarkable book of the Reformation period, attributed to Paleario, of which nearly all the copies had been destroyed by the Inquisition.

The manuals of the Roman Catholic Inquisition remained highly sceptical of the witch craze and of witch accusations, although there was sometimes an overlap between accusations of heresy and of witchcraft, particularly when, in the 13th century, the newly-formed Inquisition was commissioned to deal with the Manichaean Cathars of Southern France, whose teachings had an admixture of witchcraft and magic, and who had embarked upon campaigns of murder against their fellow citizens in France, not excluding prelates and ambassadors and whose ally, the Cathar King Pedro II of Aragon, later invaded Southern France with an army of 50, 000.

Generally, the Inquisition movement was concerned only with the heretical behaviour of Catholic adherents or converts, and did not concern itself with those outside its jurisdiction, such as Jews or Muslims.

Thus the decision to involve the Inquisition, which therefore did not instigate the trial and in fact showed a reluctance throughout its duration.

Most of the descendants of those Muslims and Jews who submitted to compulsory conversion to Christianity rather than exile during the early periods of the Inquisition, the Moriscos and Conversos respectively, were later expelled from Spain, when the Inquisition was at its height, and Portugal.

The French Army has taken Toledo and the Inquisition is in the hands of its enemies.

* July – José I takes over the throne of Portugal from his deceased father, João V. King José Manuel appoints the Marquis of Pombal as his Chief Minister, who then strips the Inquisition of its power.

Torture in the Medieval Inquisition began in 1252 with a papal bull Ad Extirpanda and ended in 1816 when another papal bull forbade its use.

It was however in 1492 that the Spanish Inquisition emerged in its fullest expression of anti-Semitism.

In 1538 the Spanish Inquisition cautioned its members not to believe what the Malleus said, even when it presented apparently firm evidence.

The Inquisition Palace, finished in 1770, preserves its original features of colonial times.

During the last quarter of the century, the Inquisition reinforced its prosecution of the Jews, locally named xuetes.

With the accession of Pope Pius V in 1565 the Inquisition renewed its activities with fiercer zeal than ever.

Nevertheless, the Spanish Inquisition continued its work until the 19th century.

After a few years, however, the privilege was revoked, and the Inquisition resumed its activity.

The Black Legend particularly exaggerates the extent of the activities of the Inquisition, or the treatment of American indigenous subjects in the territories of the Spanish Empire, and non-Catholics such as Protestants and Jews in its European territories.

The gross disregard for human lives allegedly characteristic of the Spanish Inquisition has been one of the main elements of the Black Legend since its origin.

The Articles and Resolutions of the Spanish Inquisition to Invade and Impede the Netherlands imputed a conspiracy to the Holy Office to starve the Dutch population, and exterminate its leading nobles, " as the Spanish had done in the Indies.

Some compared the club's autocracy to that of the Inquisition, with its system of espionage and denunciations which no one was too illustrious or too humble to escape.

Finally, in 1526, King Charles V issued a decree compelling all Muslims in the crown of Aragon to convert to Catholicism or leave the Iberian Peninsula ( Portugal had already expelled or forcibly converted its Muslims in 1497 and would establish its own Inquisition in 1536 ).

Angelo died 15 July 1337, and the congregation, deprived of its leader, loosely organized to begin with, and hard pressed by the Inquisition, seem to have split into a number of groups each holding its own doctrines, though it is impossible to exactly determine their origin.

John Foster Dulles escaped by keeping his personal show on the road and because Lyndon Johnson, who was then operating the Senate, refused to let it become an Inquisition.

A variety of people settled on the islands: pirates, refugees from the Spanish Inquisition, shipwrecked sailors, and slaves.

He was burned at the stake by the Roman Inquisition in 1600, though his views on astronomy were not the main reason for his condemnation.

The Inquisition ( Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis ; Inquiry on Heretical Perversity ), was a group of decentralized institutions within the justice system of the Roman Catholic Church whose aim was to " fight against heretics ".

Inquisition practices were used also on offences against canon law other than heresy.

In 1585 the poems were burned on the orders of the Inquisition, for allegedly ' obscene ' content.

This is a recurring sketch always predicated on an unrelated sketch in which one character expresses irritation at being questioned by another, retorting exasperatedly, " I didn't expect this kind of Spanish Inquisition!

Ximénez shouts, with a particular and high-pitched emphasis on the first syllable: " Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition!

* In the Not The Nine O ' Clock News sketch on the new film The Life of Christ ( itself a reference to Python's 1979 Life of Brian ), the Bishop ( Rowan Atkinson ) who is being harangued for this parody of Pythonism professes himself surprised at the furor, saying: " Well, I didn't expect the Spanish Inquisition.

* In the video game Warhammer 40, 000: Dawn of War the main character sometimes on the move order say " Nobody expects the imperial Inquisition ".

* In the video game Civilization V: Gods & Kings, there are two Steam achievements: " Nobody expects ..." with the description " As Spain, use an Inquisitor to remove another Religion ", and the more explicit " Nobody Expects the Spanish Inquisition " whose description is " Beat the game on any difficultly setting as Isabella ".

It is not clear if the process against the Templars was initiated by the Inquisition on the basis of suspected heresy or if the Inquisition itself was exploited by the king of France, Philip the Fair, who wanted the knights ' wealth.

Thought reform contains elements which are evident in Chinese culture ( emphasis on interpersonal sensitivity, learning by rote and self-cultivation ); in methods of extracting confessions well known in the Papal Inquisition ( 13th century ) and elaborated through the centuries, especially by the Russian secret police ; in methods of organizing corrective prisons, mental hospitals and other institutions for producing value change ; in methods used by religious sects, fraternal orders, political elites or primitive societies for converting or initiating new members.

Thus, a warning, issued in 1564, summoning Jeanne d ' Albret, the Queen of Navarre, before the Inquisition on a charge of Calvinism, was withdrawn by him in deference to the indignant protest of Charles IX of France.

In the list of more important bulls issued by him the famous bull " In Coena Domini " ( 1568 ) takes a leading place ; but amongst others throwing light on Pope Pius V's character and policy there may be mentioned his prohibition of quaestuary ( February 1567 and January 1570 ); the condemnation of Michael Baius, the heretical Professor of Leuven ( 1567 ); the reform of the breviary ( July 1568 ); the denunciation of the " dirum nefas " ( August 1568 ); the banishment of the Jews from the ecclesiastical dominions except Rome and Ancona ( 1569 ); the injunction of the use of the reformed missal ( July 1570 ); the confirmation of the privileges of the Society of Crusaders for the protection of the Inquisition ( October 1570 ); the dogmatic certainty of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary ( November 1570 ); the suppression of the Fratres Humiliati for profligacy ( February 1571 ); the approbation of the new office of the Blessed Virgin ( March 1571 ); the enforcement of the daily recitation of the Canonical Hours ( September 1571 ); and the purchase of assistance against the Turks by offers of plenary pardon ( March 1572 ).

The Roman Inquisition, though, was considerably more bureaucratic and focussed on pre-emptive control in addition to the reactive judicial prosecution experienced under other iterations.

Poe may have been inspired to focus on the purposeful impersonal torture in part by Juan Antonio Llorente's History of the Spanish Inquisition, first published in 1817.

It appears the story was spread by Hubert Languet, who served as de Saxe under Emperor Charles V and then under the Prince of Orange, who claimed in 1565 that Vesalius was performing an autopsy on an aristocrat in Spain when it was found that the heart was still beating, leading to the Inquisition condemning him to death.

* In Italy, Bartolomeo Eustachi completes his Tabulae anatomicae, presenting his discoveries on the structure of the inner ear and heart, although, for fear of the Inquisition, it will not be published until 1714.

Contemporary documents do attest that information was laid before the Inquisition against Gusmão, but on quite another charge.

Bossuet and Fénelon thus spent the years 1697-99 battling each other in pamphlets and letters until the Inquisition finally condemned the Maximes des Saints on March 12, 1699.