In Italian, possibly following a tradition of antiquity, the Arcipelago ( from medieval Greek * ἀρχιπέλαγος ) was the proper name for the Aegean Sea and, later, usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands ( since the sea is remarkable for its large number of islands ).

The Colonna family is an Italian noble family ; it was powerful in medieval and Renaissance Rome, supplying one Pope and many other Church and political leaders.

During the Middle Ages, there were various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small amount of the population, the election of Gopala in Bengal region of Indian Subcontinent, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 10 % of population ), the Althing in Iceland, the Løgting in the Faeroe Islands, certain medieval Italian city-states such as Venice, the tuatha system in early medieval Ireland, the Veche in Novgorod and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia, Scandinavian Things, The States in Tirol and Switzerland and the autonomous merchant city of Sakai in the 16th century in Japan.

Florence originated as a Roman city, and later, after a period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune, it was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance ( or the " Florentine Renaissance ").

Other students have noted a range of textual similarities between passages in the Gospel of Barnabas, and variously the texts of a series of late medieval vernacular harmonies of the four canonical gospels ( in Middle English and Middle Dutch, but especially in Middle Italian ); which are all speculated as deriving from a lost Vetus Latina version of the Diatessaron of Tatian.

A collective head of state can exist in republics ( internal complexity ): e. g. nominal triumvirates ; the Directoire ; the seven-member Swiss Federal Council, where each member acts in turn as ceremonial chief of state ); Bosnia and Herzegovina ( three member presidium, from three different nations ); San Marino ( two " Captains-regent "), which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics, where there always was an even number of consuls.

The transfer of debt, which was " not permissible under Roman law but became widely practiced in medieval Europe, especially in commercial transactions ", was due to the large extent of the " trade conducted by the Italian cities with the Muslim world in the Middle Ages ".

The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time ( Late Middle Ages ) gave its dialect weight, though the Venetian language remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and Ligurian ( or Genoese ) remained in use in maritime trade alongside the Mediterranean.

Starting in late medieval times, Italian language variants replaced Latin to become the primary commercial language in much of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea ( especially the Tuscan and Venetian variants ).

Aside from Latin, the standard written language of medieval Europe, the populace of crusader Jerusalem communicated in vernacular forms of French and Italian ; Greek, Armenian, and even Arabic were used by Frankish settlers.

Known as " Ofioussa " ( having snakes ) and " Pityoussa " ( having pine trees ) in antiquity, during the medieval age the island was ruled by a number of external powers and has also been known as Scio ( Genoese ), Chio ( Italian ) and Sakız ( صاقيز — Ottoman Turkish ).

Other research has also concluded that later medieval armour, such as that of the Italian city state mercenary companies, was effective at stopping contemporary arrows.

As the Middle Ages progressed in Italy, Italian cities began to rely mostly on mercenaries to do their fighting rather than the militias that had dominated the early and high medieval period in this region.

Pocock, in the so-called " Cambridge School " of interpretation have been able to show that some of the republican themes in Machiavelli's political works, particularly the Discourses on Livy, can be found in medieval Italian literature which was influenced by classical authors such as Sallust.

Oregano is the anglicised form of the Italian word origano, or possibly of the medieval Latin organum ; this latter is used in at least one Old English work.

The Orsini family is an Italian noble family ; it was one of the most influential princely families in medieval Italy and renaissance Rome.

The Italian medieval and Renaissance political tradition today referred to as " civic humanism " is sometimes considered to derive directly from Roman republicans such as Sallust and Tacitus.

Evidence from medieval documents indicates that the medieval language spoken over the entirety of Sardinia and Corsica was similar to modern Nuorese ; all of the remaining areas are thought to have innovated as the result of heavy external influence from centuries of colonization by Italian and Spanish speakers.

) Amerigo itself is an Italian form of the medieval Latin Emericus ( see also Saint Emeric of Hungary ), which through the German form Heinrich ( in English, Henry ) derived from the Germanic name Haimirich .< ref >

The tale was quite common during the medieval era, appearing in Barlaam and Josaphat ( written in the 8th century ), an exemplum of Jacques de Vitry ( 13th century ) and Cento Novelle Antiche ( also 13th century ), The Seven Wise Masters, and Italian collection of fables called Fiori di Virtu ( 14th century ), Odo of Shirton's " De heremita iuvene " ( 12th century ), and a French fabliau ( 13th century ).

Foreign students at medieval Italian universities were also referred to as ultramontanes.

An Italian poet had noticed plainclothes policemen lounging around the area of Quirinal Palace, the first time since the war.

The Italian poet Dante says of Aristotle in the first circles of hell,

* 1432 – Luigi Pulci, Italian poet ( d. 1484 )

* 1724 – Giovanni Battista Casti, Italian poet and author ( d. 1803 )

* Serafino dell ' Aquila ( 1466-1500 ), Italian poet

Mozart wrote to his father in May 1783 about Salieri and Lorenzo Da Ponte, the court poet: " You know those Italian gentlemen ; they are very nice to your face!

* 1530 – Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet ( b. 1458 )

* Antonio Abati ( died 1667 ), Italian poet

The Italian scholar and poet Petrarch is credited with being the pursuit's first and most famous aficionado.

Dante was a great poet, the Societa Dantesca Italiana did great work in editing and publishing a usable and affordable text, but the Divine Comedy was certainly used by the newly unified Italian government ( see History of Italy ) to encourage a more homogeneous, Tuscan-influenced dialect for the whole peninsula ( see Italian language ).

* 1642 – Vincenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet ( d. 1707 )

* 1876 – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian poet and editor ( d. 1944 )

* The Italian Renaissance poet Lucrezia Tornabuoni chose Esther as one of biblical figures on which she wrote poetry.

For instance, Erasmus became an intimate friend of an Italian Humanist Publio Fausto Andrelini, poet and " professor of humanity " in Paris.

Count Francesco Algarotti ( 11 December 1712 – 3 May 1764 ) was an Italian polymath, philosopher, poet, essayist, anglophile, art critic and art collector.

* 1778 – Ugo Foscolo, Italian writer and poet ( d. 1827 )

Starring Roberto Benigni as Ivo Salvini, a madcap poetic figure newly released from a mental institution, the character is a combination of La stradas Gelsomina, Pinocchio, and Italian poet Giacomo Leopardi.

Giovanni Boccaccio (; 1313 – 21 December 1375 ) was an Italian author and poet, a friend, student, and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist and the author of a number of notable works including the Decameron, On Famous Women, and his poetry in the Italian vernacular.

It thus became expected that educated Europeans should learn at least some Italian ; the English poet John Milton, for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian.

* 1906 – Sandro Penna, Italian poet ( d. 1977 )

* 1552 – Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet ( d. 1638 )

* 1835 – Giosuè Carducci, Italian poet, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1907 )