Rabbi David Dalin's The Myth of Hitler's Pope argues that critics of Pius XII are liberal Catholics and ex-Catholics who " exploit the tragedy of the Jewish people during the Holocaust to foster their own political agenda of forcing changes on the Catholic Church today " and that Pius XII was responsible for saving the lives of many thousands of Jews.

* The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic, and Mysticism, Geoffrey Dennis, Llewellyn Worldwide, 2007

* Geoffrey Dennis, " Abraham ," " Elijah ," " Lailah ," " Sandalphon ," Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic, and Mysticism Llewellyn, 2007.

In The Myth of the Jewish Race Raphael and Jennifer Patai cite Karl Pearson's 1925 opposition ( in the first issue of the journal Annals of Eugenics which he founded ) to Jewish immigration into Britain.

* Richard Utz: " The Medieval Myth of Jewish Ritual Murder.

* " The Medieval Myth of Jewish Ritual Murder ," Richard Utz

The Encyclopedia of Jewish Myth, Magic, and Mysticism ( Llewellyn Worldwide, 2007 )

* Alderman, Geoffrey, " Recent Anglo-Jewish Historiography and the Myth of Jix's Anti-Semitism: A Response " Australian Journal of Jewish Studies 8: 1 ( 1994 )

* Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World Conspiracy and the " Protocols of the Elders of Zion " ( 1966 ), a scholarly study on the myth of the Jewish world domination conspiracy, especially as evidenced in the fabricated The Protocols of the Elders of Zion document

* The Myth of the Jewish World Conspiracy: A Case Study in Collective Psychopathology Commentary vol.

Foxman wrote a book in response to Professor's John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walts book, The Israel Lobby and U. S. Foreign Policy, entitled ' The Deadliest Lies: The Israel Lobby and the Myth of Jewish Control.

* The Deadliest Lies: The Israel Lobby and the Myth of Jewish Control, Palgrave MacMillan, ISBN 1-4039-8492-1, ISBN 0-230-60404-8

Mattias Gardell writes that Koestler's thesis is " partly based on amateur anthropology ", and its scientific arguments come from The Myth of a Jewish Race ( 1975 ) by Raphael Patai and his daughter Jennifer.

He spent ten months lecturing on Jewish philosophy and Torah at Warsaw's Institute for Jewish Studies.

) It explores the views of the rabbis in the Mishnah, Talmud and Midrash about the nature of Torah, the revelation of God to mankind, prophecy, and the ways that Jews have used scriptural exegesis to expand and understand these core Jewish texts.

The Book of Numbers ( from Greek Ἀριθμοί, Arithmoi ;, Bəmidbar, " In the desert ") is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible, and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah.

* Behar, a portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading

The Jewish religion still retains the Torah scroll, at least for ceremonial use.

The Torah ( Jewish Law ), also known as the Pentateuch ( the first five books of the Christian Old Testament ), lays down the death penalty for murder, kidnapping, magic, violation of the Sabbath, blasphemy, and a wide range of sexual crimes, although evidence suggests that actual executions were rare.

The product of this human-divine encounter is the Torah, the embodiment of God's will revealed pre-eminently to the Jewish people through Moses, the Prophets and the Sages, as well as to the righteous and wise of all nations.

Many Conservative Jews reject the traditional Jewish idea that God literally dictated the words of the Torah to Moses at Mount Sinai in a verbal revelation, but they hold the traditional Jewish belief that God inspired the later prophets to write the rest of the Tanakh.

In contrast to both, most Conservative positions affirm the divine but nonverbal revelation of written Torah as the authentic, historically correct Jewish view.

All contemporary Jewish movements consider the Tanakh, and the Oral Torah in the form of the Mishnah and Talmuds as sacred, although movements are divided as to claims concerning their divine revelation, and also their authority.

Christians reject the Jewish Oral Torah, which was still in oral, and therefore unwritten, form in the time of Jesus.

Christians explain that such selectivity is based on rulings made by early Jewish Christians in the Book of Acts, at the Council of Jerusalem, that, while believing gentiles did not need to fully convert to Judaism, they should follow some aspects of Torah like avoiding idolatry and fornication and blood, including, according to some interpretations, homosexuality.

Although some authorities see the Torah as commanding Jews to believe in God, Jews see belief in God as a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for a Jewish life.

In the Jewish explanation, this is a story in the Torah whereby God wanted to test Abraham's faith and willingness, and Isaac was never going to be actually sacrificed.

The Book of Deuteronomy ( from Greek Δευτερονόμιον, Deuteronomion, " second law ";, Devarim, " words ") is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible, and of the Jewish Torah / Pentateuch.

It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits ( dates to commemorate the death of a relative ), and daily Psalm reading, among many ceremonial uses.

However, without the insertion of embolismic months, Jewish festivals would gradually shift outside of the seasons required by the Torah.

Halakha constitutes the practical application of the 613 mitzvot (" commandments ", singular: mitzvah ) in the Torah, ( the five books of Moses, the " Written Law ") as developed through discussion and debate in the classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud ( the " Oral law "), and as codified in the Mishneh Torah or Shulchan Aruch ( the Jewish " Code of Law ".

Broadly, the Halakha comprises the practical application of the commandments ( each one known as a mitzvah ) in the Torah, as developed in subsequent rabbinic literature ; see The Mitzvot and Jewish Law.

Besides the basic categories applied to the mitzvot in antiquity, during the medieval period Jewish law was classified by such works as Maimonides ' Mishneh Torah and Joseph Karo's Shulchan Aruch.

Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism both hold that modern views of how the Torah and rabbinic law developed imply that the body of rabbinic Jewish law is no longer normative ( seen as binding ) on Jews today.

Those in the traditionalist wing of these movements believe that the halakha represents a personal starting-point, holding that each Jew is obligated to interpret the Torah, Talmud and other Jewish works for themselves, and this interpretation will create separate commandments for each person.

The story is also the first time that the word Jew ( י ְ הו ּ ד ִ י ) was used, thus denoting a distinction between the Hebrews, the Israelites, and their Jewish descendants in the diaspora.

Since the Apostolic Age, the use of the definite article before the word Christ and its development into a proper name signifies its identification with Jesus as the promised Jewish messiah.

During World War II, a dog tag could indicate only one of three religions through the inclusion of one letter: " P " for Protestant, " C " for Catholic, or " H " for Jewish ( from the word, " Hebrew "), or ( according to at least one source ) " NO " to indicate no religious preference.

When capitalized and without modifiers ( that is, simply the Diaspora ), the term refers specifically to the Jewish diaspora ; when uncapitalized the word diaspora may be used to refer to refugee populations of other origins or ethnicities.

The paradigmatic case was, of course, the Jewish diaspora ; some dictionary definitions of diaspora, until recently, did not simply illustrate but defined the word with reference to that case.

The word Tsar derives from Latin Caesar, but this title was used in Russia as equivalent to King ; the error occurred when medieval Russian clerics referred to the biblical Jewish kings with the same title that was used to designate Roman and Byzantine rulers-Caesar.

( Matthew avoids using the holy word God in the expression " Kingdom of God "; instead he prefers the term " Kingdom of Heaven ", reflecting the Jewish tradition of not speaking the name of God ).

The Hebrew word mashiach ( or moshiach ) refers to the Jewish idea of the Messiah.

In this context, the earliest meaning of the word " messianic " is derived from notion of Yemot HaMashiach meaning " the days of the Messiah ", meaning " related to the Jewish Messiah ".

The proprietary Aramaic ( one of Judaism's holy languages with Hebrew ) word for this type of allowing systematic disagreement in Jewish law, is " Machloket " or argument.

Image: Legion001. jpg | The Jewish Legion cap badge: menorah and word קדימה Kadima ( forward )

" One plausible view is that Nazōraean ( Ναζωραῖος ) is a normal Greek adaptation of a reconstructed, hypothetical term in Jewish Aramaic for the word later used in Rabbinical sources to refer to Jesus .< ref > G. F. Moore, ‘ Nazarene and Nazareth ,’ in The Beginnings of Christianity 1 / 1, 1920 pp. 426-432, according to which Hebrew Nôṣri the gentilic used of Jesus from the Tannaitic period onwards, would have corresponded to a hypothetical Jewish Aramaic * Nōṣrāyā, which would have in turn produced * N < sup >< span style =" font-size: 80 %"> e </ span ></ sup > ṣōrāyā.

Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch commented in 1854 thatIt was not the ' Orthodox ' Jews who introduced the word ' orthodoxy ' into Jewish discussion.

It is traditional for Jewish families to gather on the first night of Passover ( first two nights in communities outside the land of Israel ) for a special dinner called a seder ( סדר — derived from the Hebrew word for " order ", referring to the very specific order of the ritual ).

The word " priest " is ultimately from Greek, via Latin presbyter, the term for " elder ", especially elders of Jewish or Christian communities in Late Antiquity.

The religious practice is mentioned for the first time by Natronai ben Hilai, Gaon of the Academy of Sura in Babylonia, in 853 C. E., who describes it as a custom of the Babylonian Jews and further explained by Jewish scholars in the ninth century by that since the Hebrew word geber ( Gever ) means both " man " and " rooster " the rooster may act or serve as a palpable substitute as a religious vessel in place of the man with the practice also having been as a custom of the Persian Jews.

For instance, Radhanites were a medieval guild or group ( the precise meaning of the word is lost to history ) of Jewish merchants who traded between the Christians in Europe and the Muslims of the Near East.

However other Jewish sources accept that the fact that there are various names of God used in the Hebrew Bible, and that Elohim is a plural word may suggest a polytheistic origin.

It is common Jewish practice to restrict the use of the word Adonai to prayer only.

( Alternatively, Lucien Gubbay suggests the name Medina could also have been a derivative from the Aramaic word Medinta, which the Jewish inhabitants could have used for the city.

The Greek word synagogue came into use to describe Jewish places of worship during Hellenistic times and it, along with the Yiddish term shul, and the original Hebrew term Bet Knesset (" House of meeting ") are the terms in most universal usage.

From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the word " temple " began to be used for Jewish houses of worship, almost exclusively by the followers of Reform Judaism, first in Germany, then in other countries, especially in the United States, as in Temple Beth-El.

Chapter 14 of the Book of Isaiah refers to what Jewish exegesis of the prophetic vision of Isaiah 14: 12-15 identifies as King Nebuchadnezzar II ; the Hebrew word says " Helel ben Shaḥar " (" the shining one, son of the morning ").

Bar " בר " is a Jewish Babylonian Aramaic word literally meaning son, in Hebrew it's Ben " בן ".