The classic work of Jewish mysticism whose origins date back 2000 years, the Zohar, is quoted liberally in all Jewish learning ; in the Zohar the idea of reincarnation is mentioned repeatedly.

He discusses and rejects the idea that mere faith ( without law ) alone is enough, but then cautions against rabbis he sees as adding too many restrictions to Jewish law.

In it Heschel forwards what would become a central idea in his theology: that the prophetic ( and, ultimately, Jewish ) view of God is best understood not as anthropomorphic ( that God takes human form ) but rather as anthropopathic — that God has human feelings.

According to Jewish tradition the author was Samuel himself, but this idea is no longer regarded as tenable.

During the first meeting between Weizmann and Balfour in 1906, Balfour asked what Weizmann's objections were to the idea of a Jewish homeland in Uganda, ( the Uganda Protectorate in East Africa in the British Uganda Programme ), rather than in Palestine.

The idea of an artifact made conscious is an ancient theme of mythology, appearing for example in the Greek myth of Pygmalion, who carved a statue that was magically brought to life, and in medieval Jewish stories of the Golem, a magically animated homunculus built of clay.

Many Conservative Jews reject the traditional Jewish idea that God literally dictated the words of the Torah to Moses at Mount Sinai in a verbal revelation, but they hold the traditional Jewish belief that God inspired the later prophets to write the rest of the Tanakh.

Other Jewish thinkers, such as Nahmanides, Samuel ben Uri Shraga Phoebus, and Jacob Emden, strongly object to the idea that concubines should be forbidden.

In contrast to the Jewish view of being morally balanced, Original Sin refers to the idea that the sin of Adam and Eve's disobedience ( sin " at the origin ") has passed on a spiritual heritage, so to speak.

While Safran's definitions were influenced by the idea of the Jewish diaspora, he recognised the expanding use of the term.

As time passed, Jewish and early Christian writings presented the idea of ' unknowing ,' where God's presence was enveloped in a dark cloud.

Jewish and Christian tradition viewed Moses as the author of Exodus and the entire Pentateuch, but by the end of the 19th century the increasing awareness of the discrepancies, inconsistencies, repetitions and other features of the Pentateuch had led scholars to abandon this idea.

In regard to Jews getting " civil rights ," he wrote that this would only be possible if one managed " to cut off all their heads in one night, and to set new ones on their shoulders, which should contain not a single Jewish idea.

But the idea that survivors have been routinely swindled by Jewish institutions is a gross distortion.

The Stoic modification of Heraclitus ' idea of the Logos was also influential on Jewish philosophers such as Philo of Alexandria, who connected it to " Wisdom personified "

In ancient times, the idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and became intertwined with the concept of " places " such as the Greek Hades, the Nordic svartalfheim, the Christian Hell, and the Jewish Sheol ( with details describing inner Earth in Kabalistic literature, such as the Zohar and Hesed L ' Avraham ).

The idea of a messianic age has a prominent place in Jewish thought, and is incorporated as part of the end of days.

The Hebrew word mashiach ( or moshiach ) refers to the Jewish idea of the Messiah.

Teshuva-the ability to repent and be forgiven by God-is a prominent idea in Jewish thought.

He refused even to consider the idea ( which some of the other Nazi leaders were open to, though only on pragmatic grounds as a way of encouraging Jewish emigration ) that German Jews be allowed to take their personal possessions with them when they left Germany.

In 1946, Brando showed his dedication to the idea of a Jewish homeland by performing in Ben Hecht's Zionist play A Flag is Born.

He later became known in the United States and Israel for political and religious views that included proposing emergency Jewish mass-immigration to Israel due to the imminent threat of a " second Holocaust " in the United States, advocating that Israel's democracy be replaced by a state modeled on Jewish religious law, and promoting the idea of a Greater Israel in which Israel would annex the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

This allows the Jewish people as a community to strive and fulfill the prophecy " I, the Lord, have called you in righteousness, and will hold your hand and keep you.

The content of " M " suggests that this community was stricter than the others in its attitude to keeping the Jewish law, holding that they must exceed the scribes and the Pharisees in " righteousness " ( adherence to Jewish law ); and of the three only " M " refers to a " church " ( ecclesia ), an organised group with rules for keeping order.

The traditional reasoning for the order of the volumes of Nezikin is as follows: The Order begins with civil law ( the first 3 tractates ) because it is considered the cornerstone of righteousness within a Jewish state.

He also stressed however that mainstream rabbinic teachings teach that wisdom, righteousness and the possibility of a true relationship with God are all available in non-Jewish cultures and religions as an on-going heritage from the covenant that God made with Noah and all his descendants, so the tradition teaches that one does not need to be Jewish to know God or truth or to attain salvation.

Pluralistic-believes in teaching Jewish and Israeli culture, promoting righteousness, defense of Jewish rights and aliyah.

Through its emphasis on human rights for all Americans ; on protection by government of the weakest among us ; and on a just society based on civil law and the Jewish concept of Tzedek — righteousness — the American Jewish Congress has made its mark to a remarkable degree on American society in general and Jewish well-being in particular.

As well, the " Book of Ruth " functions liturgically, as it is read during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot (" Weeks "), or Pentecost.

The Book of Esther is a book in the Ketuvim (" writings "), the third section of the Jewish Tanakh ( the Hebrew Bible ) and is part of the Christian Old Testament.

In Judaism it is traditionally recited on the fast day of Tisha B ' Av (" Ninth of Av ") the saddest day on the Jewish calendar mourning the destruction of both the First and the Second Temples in Jerusalem.

In 1896, Theodor Herzl, a Jewish journalist living in Austria-Hungary, published Der Judenstaat (" The Jewish State "), in which he asserted that the only solution to the " Jewish Question " in Europe, including growing antisemitism, was through the establishment of a Jewish State.

In Jewish contexts mostly " v. d. Z " (" vor der Zeitenwende ") and " n. d.

" Referring to the argument as the "' Kalam ' cosmological argument ", Duncan asserts that it " received its fullest articulation at the hands of Muslim and Jewish exponents of Kalam (" the use of reason by believers to justify the basic metaphysical presuppositions of the faith ).

Josephus, Jewish War 6. 10. 1 / 423 (" They sacrifice from the ninth to the eleventh hour ").

The Christian censorship of the Jewish Talmud in the aftermath of the Disputation of Barcelona and during the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition, let the term spread within the Jewish classical texts, since the church censors replaced terms like Minim (" sectarians ", coined on the Christians ) with the term Epikorsim or Epicursim, meaning heretics, since the church had heavily persecuted heretics at that time.

University of Chicago Professor Peter Novick, whose work Finkelstein described as providing the " initial stimulus " for The Holocaust Industry, asserted in the July 28, 2000 Jewish Chronicle ( London ) that the book is replete with " false accusations ", " egregious misrepresentations ", " absurd claims " and " repeated mis-statements " (" A charge into darkness that sheds no light ").

From 1920, the Va ' ad Leumi ( or Jewish National Council, or JNC ) was the main institution of the Jewish community (" Yishuv ") within the British Mandate of Palestine.

Arab attacks on isolated Jewish settlements and the British failure to protect them led to the creation of the Haganah (" Defense "), a mainly socialist underground Jewish militia dedicated to defending Jewish settlements.

Across Europe Bricha (" flight "), an organization of former partisans and ghetto fighters, smuggled Jewish holocaust survivors from Eastern Europe to Italy, where small boats tried to breach the British blockade of Palestine.

Halakha constitutes the practical application of the 613 mitzvot (" commandments ", singular: mitzvah ) in the Torah, ( the five books of Moses, the " Written Law ") as developed through discussion and debate in the classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud ( the " Oral law "), and as codified in the Mishneh Torah or Shulchan Aruch ( the Jewish " Code of Law ".

Within Talmudic literature, Jewish law is divided into the six orders of the Mishnah, which are categories by proximate subject matter: Zeraim (" Seeds ") for agricultural laws and prayer, Moed (" Festival "), for the Sabbath and the Festivals, Nashim (" Women "), dealing primarily with marriage and divorce, Nezikin (" Damages "), for civil and criminal law, Kodashim (" Holy things "), for sacrifices and the dietary laws, and Tohorot (" Purities ") for ritual purity.