One can sum the probability over energies between E < sub > f </ sub > − eV and E < sub > f </ sub > to get the number of states available in this energy range per unit volume, thereby finding the local density of states ( LDOS ) near the Fermi level.

and the tunnel current at a small bias V is proportional to the LDOS near the Fermi level, which gives important information about the sample.

where ρ < sub > s </ sub >( 0, E < sub > f </ sub >) is the LDOS near the Fermi level of the sample at the sample surface.

This current can also be expressed in terms of the LDOS near the Fermi level of the sample at the tip surface,

The electron density is a function of both position and energy, and is formally described as the local density of electron states, abbreviated as local density of states ( LDOS ), which is a function of energy.

For scanning tunneling spectroscopy the scanning tunneling microscope is used to measure the number of electrons ( the LDOS ) as a function of the electron energy.

The resulting tunneling current is a function of tip position, applied voltage, and the local density of states ( LDOS ) of the sample.

It is desirable to use LDOS to express the current because this value does not change as the volume changes, while probability density does.

system is zero, the LDOS can locally be non-zero due to the presence of a local potential.

In this case, CL is capable of measuring the Local density of states ( LDOS ) of a nanostructured photonic medium, where the intensity of the emitted CL reflects directly the number of available photonic states.

This is very relevant for materials like photonic crystals or complex topologies for which large LDOS variations are achieved on nanometer scales.

As is shown below, it is the slope of the I-V curve at each voltage ( often called the dI / dV-curve ) which is more fundamental because dI / dV corresponds to the electron density of states at the local position of the tip, the LDOS.

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy ( STS ) is an experimental technique which uses a scanning tunneling microscope ( STM ) to probe the local density of electronic states ( LDOS ) and the band gap of surfaces and materials on surfaces at the atomic scale.

We made a rendezvous tomorrow evening at nine on some street near Lake Ponchartrain.

He was allowed to spend his nights at an inn near the hospital and he was given some extra money to go to the pachinko parlor -- an excellent place to make contact with the enemy.

During the summer he had tried to repair some of his losses at the track, and the bare trees reminded him that his pari-mutuel tickets would still be lying, like leaves, in the gutters near Belmont and Saratoga.

( Some suspensions break up before they are near to the direction of shear, and some become asymptotic to it without breakup.

The fact that there can not be any limit points of the set except in closed intervals follows from the argument used in Lemma 1, namely, that near any tangent point in the C-plane the curves C and Af are analytic, and therefore the difference between them must be a monotone function in some neighborhood on either side of the tangent point.

A tavern, filling station, junk yard, rendering plant, or some other business may go up near enough to hurt your home or to hurt its value.

Several times it came near breaking, and there were in fact some lovely peals of thunder from Jerry Mulligan's big band, which is about as fine an aggregation as has come along in the jazz business since John Hammond found Count Basie working in a Kansas City trap.

Those named in the Greek paper were manufacturing reasons to steal aft under pretence of some call of duty, so as to be near Spencer, watching an opportunity to communicate with him.

Going, he saw as often before some queer, hideous yellow face over his head, shining and weird like the old images which had invested him at other times like those that appear sometimes near the eyeballs when they are perhaps pressed by the thumbs.

* 1999 – Beni Ounif massacre in Algeria ; some 29 people are killed at a false roadblock near the Moroccan border, leading to temporary tensions with Morocco.

Through the treachery of some Lucanian exiles, he was compelled to engage under unfavourable circumstances near Padosia, on the banks of the Acheron, and was killed by the hand of one of the exiles, as he was crossing the river.

However, some believe that Amos was actually from a Tekoa in the North, near Galilee.

At some point before the 13th century an earthquake caused a fissure near the northeastern edge of the acropolis.

Although cheap and effective in enabling use of some software that only used official ROM entry points for text output, this solution proved very slow because the Electron had to be placed into an 80-byte-pitch display to be able to get anywhere near to reproducing mode 7 and the CPU spent a lot of time drawing approximations of mode 7 characters and graphics that in a hardware solution would be achieved without any CPU processing.

In that year tholos-tombs, most already pillaged but retaining some of their furniture, were excavated at Arkina and Eleusis in Attica, at Dimini near Volos in Thessaly, at Kampos on the west of Mount Taygetus, and at Maskarata in Cephalonia.

It is defined as the range of speeds between the critical Mach number, when some parts of the airflow over an aircraft become supersonic, and a higher speed, typically near Mach 1. 2, when all of the airflow is supersonic.

As the ion will travel from the tip at voltage V < sub > 1 </ sub > to some nominal ground potential, the speed at which the ion is travelling can be estimated by the energy transferred into the ion during ( or near ) ionisation.

The result was skyrocketing batting averages, including some near. 500 ; Tip O ' Neill of the St. Louis Browns batted. 485 that season, which would still be a major league record if recognized.

He took his old nurse with him as a servant and they settled down to live in Enfide, near a church to St Peter, in some kind of association with " a company of virtuous men " who were in sympathy with his feelings and his views of life.

Also determined to fight a major engagement, the Duke of Marlborough, commander-in-chief of Anglo-Dutch forces, assembled his army – some 62, 000 men – near Maastricht, and marched past Zoutleeuw.

Discovering their location from some peace envoys they had sent to him, he lured them into battle near the Tsibritsa by a stratagem.

A number of previously unreleased Haley country-western recordings from the 1946-1950 period began to emerge near the end of Haley's life, some of which were released by the Arzee label, with titles such as " Yodel Your Blues Away " and " Rose of My Heart.

As in the case of Old Scatness in Shetland ( near Jarlshof and Burroughston on Shapinsay, brochs were sometimes located close to arable land and a source of water ( some have wells or natural springs rising within their central space ).

In 1918, because of the threat of wartime bombing, some objects were evacuated to a Postal Tube Railway at Holborn, the National Library of Wales ( Aberystwyth ) and a country house near Malvern.

Wills not only learned traditional music from his family, he learned some Negro songs directly from African Americans in the cotton fields near Lakeview, Texas and said that he did not play with many white children other than his siblings, until he was seven or eight years old.

`` If I could only think of something at the studio, near me, to absorb his boundless energy '', I said.

There is no fundamental limit known to these wavelengths or energies, at either end of the spectrum, although photons with energies near the Planck energy or exceeding it ( far too high to have ever been observed ) will required new physical theories to describe.

Sometimes the transfer is so one-sided for a molecule near the surface that it ends up with enough energy to ' escape ' ( evaporate ).

For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces.

The Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form UV, visible, and near IR radiation, most of which passes through the atmosphere without being absorbed.

The despun section's instruments included the camera system ; the near infrared mapping spectrometer to make multi-spectral images for atmospheric and moon surface chemical analysis ; the ultraviolet spectrometer to study gases ; and the photo-polarimeter radiometer to measure radiant and reflected energy.

For instance, electrons and positive ions trapped in the dipole-like field near the Earth tend to circulate around the magnetic axis of the dipole ( the line connecting the magnetic poles ) in a ring around the Earth, without gaining or losing energy ( this is known as Guiding center motion ).

Unequal fissions are energetically more favorable because this allows one product to be closer to the energetic minimum near mass 60 u ( only a quarter of the average fissionable mass ), while the other nucleus with mass 135 u is still not far out of the range of the most tightly bound nuclei ( another statement of this, is that the atomic binding energy curve is slightly steeper to the left of mass 120 u than to the right of it ).

But such warming could slowly raise ocean temperatures until frozen methane reservoirs below the ocean floor near coastlines ( a current target for a new energy source ) melted, expelling enough methane, among the most potent greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere to raise world temperatures an additional five degrees Celsius.

While quantum mechanics primarily applies to the atomic regimes of matter and energy, some systems exhibit quantum mechanical effects on a large scale-superfluidity, the frictionless flow of a liquid at temperatures near absolute zero, is one well-known example.

This mechanism also explains why quasars were more common in the early universe, as this energy production ends when the supermassive black hole consumes all of the gas and dust near it.

Other effective theories are heavy quark effective theory ( which expands around heavy quark mass near infinity ), and soft-collinear effective theory ( which expands around large ratios of energy scales ).

New weapons include Mjolnir, a large lightning emitting hammer, a laser cannon, which shoots bouncing bolts of energy, and a Proximity Mine Launcher, which fires grenades that attach to surfaces and detonate when an opponent comes near.

At the low extreme of size is the concept of micro-SMES solenoids, for energy storage range near 1 MJ.

Surface waves travel more slowly than P-waves and S-waves, but because they are guided by the surface of the Earth ( and their energy is thus trapped near the Earth's surface ) they can be much larger in amplitude than body waves, and can be the largest signals seen in earthquake seismograms.

Equilibrium thermodynamics studies transformations of matter and energy in systems at or near thermodynamic equilibrium.

It very much eases and simplifies theoretical thermodynamical studies to imagine transfers of energy and matter between two simple systems that proceed so slowly that at all times each simple system considered separately is near enough to thermodynamic equilibrium.

The fluid enters near the center, is given energy by the disks, then exits at the periphery.

An ultrasonic cleaner works mostly by energy released from the collapse of millions of microscopic cavitations near the dirty surface.

( Such contrasts to chemical rockets where propulsive efficiency varies with the ratio of exhaust velocity to vehicle velocity at the time, but near maximum obtainable specific impulse tends to be a design goal when corresponding to the most energy released from reacting propellants ).

Electric-power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to electrical substations located near demand centers.

In the near field is a quadrature component of the particle velocity that is 90 ° out of phase with the sound pressure and does not contribute to the time-averaged energy or the intensity of the sound.