The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1909 ) called this confusion a " distortion of the true facts " and suggested that it arose because the " Liber Pontificalis ", which at this point may be registering a reliable tradition, says that this Felix built a church on the Via Aurelia, which is where the Roman martyr of an earlier date was buried.

He also drew on Josephus's Antiquities, and the works of Cassiodorus, and there was a copy of the Liber Pontificalis in Bede's monastery.

The Liber Pontificalis ( Latin for Book of the Popes ) is a book of biographies of popes from Saint Peter until the 15th century.

The original publication of the Liber Pontificalis stopped with Pope Adrian II ( 867 – 872 ) or Pope Stephen V ( 885 – 891 ), but it was later supplemented in a different style until Pope Eugene IV ( 1431 – 1447 ) and then Pope Pius II ( 1458 – 1464 ).

Although quoted virtually uncritically from the 8th to 18th century, the Liber Pontificalis has undergone intense modern scholarly scrutiny as an " unofficial instrument of pontifical propaganda.

" Some scholars have even characterized the Liber Pontificalis, like the works of Pseudo-Isidore and the Donation of Constantine, as a tool used by the medieval papacy to represent itself " as a primitive institution of the church, clothed with absolute and perpetual authority.

The title Liber Pontificalis goes back to the 12th century, although it only became current in the 15th century, and the canonical title of the work since the edition of Duchesne in the 19th century.

Rabanus Maurus ( left ) was the first to attribute the Liber Pontificalis to Jerome | Saint Jerome.

Martin of Opava continued the Liber Pontificalis into the 13th century.

Eusebius of Caesarea may have continued the Liber Pontificalis into the 4th century.

The modern interpretation, following that of Louis Duchesne, who compiled the major scholarly edition, is that the Liber Pontificalis was gradually and unsystematically compiled, and that the authorship is impossible to determine, with a few exceptions ( e. g. the biography of Pope Stephen II ( 752 – 757 ) to papal " Primicerius " Christopher ; the biographies of Pope Nicholas I and Pope Adrian II ( 867 – 872 ) to Anastasius ).

Duchesne and others have viewed the beginning of the Liber Pontificalis up until the biographies of Pope Felix III ( 483 – 492 ) as the work of a single author, who was a contemporary of Pope Anastasius II ( 496-498 ), relying on Catalogus Liberianus, which in turn draws from the papal catalogue of Hippolytus of Rome, and the Leonine Catalogue, which is no longer extant.

Most scholars believe the Liber Pontificalis was first compiled in the 5th or 6th century.

Because of the use of the vestiarium, the records of the papal treasury, some have hypothesized that the author of the early Liber Pontificalis was a clerk of the papal treasury.

Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1788 ) summarised the scholarly consensus as being that the Liber Pontificalis was composed by " apostolic librarians and notaries of the viii < sup > th </ sup > and ix < sup > th </ sup > centuries " with only the most recent portion being composed by Anastasius.

Duchesne and others believe that the author of the first addition to the Liber Pontificalis was a contemporary of Pope Silverius ( 536 – 537 ), and that the author of another ( not necessarily the second ) addition was a contemporary of Pope Conon ( 686 – 687 ), with later popes being added individually and during their reigns or shortly after their deaths.

The Liber Pontificalis originally only contained the names of the bishops of Rome and the durations of their pontificates.

Pope Adrian II ( 867 – 872 ) is the last pope for which there are extant manuscripts of the original Liber Pontificalis: the biographies of Pope John VIII, Pope Marinus I, and Pope Adrian III are missing and the biography of Pope Stephen V ( 885 – 891 ) is incomplete.

It was only in the 12th century that the Liber Pontificalis was systematically continued, although papal biographies exist in the interim period in other sources.

Duchesne refers to the 12th century work by Petrus Guillermi in 1142 at the monastery of St. Gilles ( Diocese of Reims ) as the Liber Pontificalis of Petrus Guillermi ( son of William ).

Guillermi's version is mostly copied from other works with small additions or excisions from the papal biographies of Pandulf, nephew of Hugo of Alatri, which in turn was copied almost verbatim from the original Liber Pontificalis ( with the notable exception of the biography of Pope Leo IX ), then from other sources until Pope Honorius II ( 1124 – 1130 ), and with contemporary information from Pope Paschal II ( 1099 – 1118 to Pope Urban II ( 1088 – 1099 ).

Independently, the cardinal-nephew of Pope Adrian IV, Cardinal Boso intended to extend the Liber Pontificalis from where it left off with Stephen V, although his work was only published posthumously as the Gesta Romanorum Pontificum alongside the Liber Censuum of Pope Honorius III.

The two collections of papal biographies of the 15th century remain independent, although they may have been intended to be continuations of the Liber Pontificalis.

Theodor Mommsen's 1898 edition of the Liber Pontificalis terminates in 715.

The Liber Pontificalis also says that he issued a decree that women should cover their heads in church, created the first fifteen bishops, and that he died a martyr and was buried on the Vatican Hill next to Peter.

The earliest is by Gerald in " Liber de Principis instructione " c. 1193, and he says he saw the cross, and it read: " Here lies buried the famous King Arthur with Guinevere his second wife in the isle of Avalon ".

In the Liber Abaci, Fibonacci says the following introducing the so-called " Modus Indorum " or the method of the Indians, today known as Arabic numerals.

It may be implied in what the Liber Pontificalis, of the early 13th century, says of Pope Liberius: " He built the basilica of his own name ( i. e. the Liberian Basilica ) near the Macellum of Livia ".

The non-contemporary Liber Historiae Francorum says his father was Pharamond, who many believe to have been a legendary person linked to the lineage sometime in the 8th century.

Lucius is first mentioned in a 6th-century version of the Liber Pontificalis, which says that he sent a letter to Pope Eleuterus asking to be made a Christian.

To the flourishing state of learning thus introduced into England, and for a short time maintained, King Alfred appears to allude in the preface to his translation of Pope Gregory I's Liber Pastoralis Curae, in the latter part of the ninth century, where he says that it often came into his mind what wise men there were in the country, both laymen and ecclesiastics, in a former age ; how the clergy in those happy times were diligent both to teach and to study, and how foreigners then came hither to acquire learning and wisdom ; whereas now, in his own day, if any Englishman desired to make himself a scholar, he was obliged to go abroad for instruction.

As for Dagobert himself, the Liber Historiae Francorum reports he died of illness, but otherwise says nothing about his character or actions.

Milton was to act as the archfool, the supreme wit, the lightly bantering pater, Pater Liber, who could at once trip lightly over that which deserved such treatment, or could at will annihilate the common enemies of the college gathering, and with words alone.

The first known mention of the word was in the third century AD in a book called Liber Medicinalis ( sometimes known as De Medicina Praecepta Saluberrima ) by Quintus Serenus Sammonicus, physician to the Roman emperor Caracalla, who prescribed that malaria sufferers wear an amulet containing the word written in the form of a triangle:

Some manuscripts of the Life of Cuthbert, one of Bede's own works, mention that Cuthbert's own priest was named Bede ; it is possible that this priest is the other name listed in the Liber Vitae.

This was followed by the Liber Sextus ( 1298 ) of Boniface VIII, the Clementines ( 1317 ) of Clement V, the Extravagantes Joannis XXII and the Extravagantes Communes, all of which followed the same structure as the Liber Extra.

The single extant Etruscan book, Liber Linteus, which was written on linen, survived only because it was used as mummy wrappings.

* The Liber Linteus, which was used for mummy wrappings ( at Zagreb, Croatia ).

Another was the Hebrew Sefer Raziel Ha-Malakh, translated in Europe as the Liber Razielis Archangeli.

The first edition of the Liber Memorialis was published in 1638 by Claudius Salmasius ( Saumaise ) from the Dijon manuscript, now lost, together with the Epitome of Florus.

Anastasius was succeeded by his son, Innocent I, who was born before Anastasius entered the clergy, though according to Innocent's biographer in the Liber Pontificalis, Innocent was the son of a man called Innocens of Albano.

Honorius, according to the Liber Pontificalis, came from Campania and was the son of the consul Petronius.

According to his biographer in the Liber Pontificalis, Innocent was the son of a man called Innocens of Albano, but according to his contemporary Jerome, his father was Pope Anastasius I ( 399 – 401 ), whom he was called by the unanimous voice of the clergy and laity to succeed ( he had been born before his father's entry to the clergy ).

Their candidate is stated in earlier editions of the Liber Pontificalis to have been the son of Boemund, but in the more recent and more accurate editions his father's name is not given.

The Liber Pontificalis calls him a son of one Anastasius.

In this, Dionysus ( called Liber ) is the son of Jupiter and Persephone, and was killed by the Titans.

In his Fabularum Liber ( or Fabulae ), Gaius Julius Hyginus recorded the myth that Italus was a son of Penelope and Telegonus.

Hugo Falcandus was an Italian historian who chronicled the reign of William I of Sicily and the minority of his son William II in a highly critical work entitled The History of the Tyrants of Sicily ( or Liber de Regno Sicilie ).

The Liber adds that Pharamond, named as Marchomir's son, was chosen as this first king ( thus beginning the tradition of long-haired kings of the Franks ), and then states that when he died, his son Chlodio was raised up as the next king.

c. 48 ) and the " Liber Pontificalis ," he was the natural son of Pope Sergius III ( 904 – 911 ), (" Johannes, natione Romanus ex patre Sergio papa ," " Liber Pont.

Johannes ( d. February 2, 1161 ) and Matthaeus Plantearius, possible father and son, resided in Salerno at this time when they apparently published their famous " Liber de Simplici Medicina " ( a. k. a. " Circa Instans ") which is first recorded in Salerno under their name early in the 13th Century.

However, modern scholars, such as Edward James, do not accept this account in the Liber Historiae Francorum as historical, because Marcomer is called the son of the Trojan king Priam.

Theodora was a grandmother of Pope John XI, a son of Marozia and — according to Liutprand of Cremona and the Liber Pontificalis — Pope Sergius III.

The Liber historiæ Francorum tells that Clovis II had captured and executed him by 657 ( subsequently treating Clovis's reign with hostility and his son Chlothar's reign with disdain ).