* 1268 – The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Antioch.

* 1289 – April 27 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli ( in present-day Lebanon ) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the crusader state.

* May 18 – The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Antioch ; Baibars ' destruction of the city of Antioch is so great as to permanently negate the city's importance.

* April 27 – Fall of Tripoli: Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli ( in present-day Lebanon ) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the crusader state.

The state ceased to exist in 1289, when it was captured by the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Qalawun.

Image of Ghazan Khan, a historical figure harshly rebuked by Ibn Taymiyyah, mainly due to his constant state of hostility towards the Mamluk s of Egypt.

Building continued under the last Mamluk sultan, Qansuh al-Ghawri ( r. 1501 – 17 ), who commissioned his own complex ( 1503 – 5 ); however, construction methods reflected the finances of the state.

In 1770 he gained control of the Hijaz and a year later temporarily occupied Syria, thereby reconstituting the Mamluk state that had disappeared in 1517.

After several battles against superior Mamluk forces, he locked himself in the Kapan fortress and eventually surrendered in 1375, thus putting an end to the last Armenian state until the establishment of the short lived Democratic Republic of Armenia ( 1918 – 1920 ) and the Republic of Armenia in 1991.

During his reign, he stabilized the Mamluk state and economy, consolidated the northern boundaries of the Sultanate with the Ottoman Empire, engaged in trade with other contemporaneous polities, and emerged as a great patron of art and architecture.

Following Qaitbay's death, the Mamluk state descended into a prolonged succession crisis lasting for five years until the accession of Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri.

Cumania was neither a state nor an empire, but different groups under independent rulers, or khans, who acted on their own initiative, meddling in the political life of the surrounding states: the Russian principalities, Bulgaria, Byzantium and the Wallachian states in the Balkans, Armenia and Georgia ( see Kipchaks in Georgia-but here we do not know if it was just Kipchaks, just Cumans, or Kipchaks and Cumans, discussed earlier ) in the Caucasus, and Khwarezm, having reached as far as to create a powerful caste of warriors, the Mamluks and the Mamluk Sultanate.

Ottoman rule reinforced the public and political roles of the ulama ( religious scholars ), as Mamluk rule had done before the Ottomans, because Islam was the state religion and because political divisions in the country were based on religious divisions.

Though the period of Shajar al-Durr's rule as a monarch was of short duration, it witnessed two important events in history: one, the expelling of Louis IX from Egypt which marked the end of the Crusaders ' ambition to conquer the southern Mediterranean basin and two, the death of the Ayyubid dynasty and the birth of the Mamluk state which dominated the southern Mediterranean for decades.

Playing cards first entered Europe in the late 14th century, probably from Mamluk Egypt, with suits ( sets of cards with matching designs ) very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins ( also known as disks or pentacles ), and which are still used in traditional Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese decks.

In 1260, after the Mongol raids into Palestine, one of which touched Hebron, Sultan Baibars's Mamluk rule established peace.

In 1265, the army of Baibars the Mamluk captured Haifa, destroying its fortifications, which had been rebuilt by King Louis IX of France, as well as the majority of the city's homes to prevent the European Crusaders from returning.

The Haram was the focus of extensive royal patronage by the sultans during the Mamluk period, which lasted from 1250 until 1510.

Between 1318-20, the Mamluk Governor of Gaza ( a province which included Hebron ) Sanjar al-Jawli ordered the construction of the Amir Jawli Mosque within the Haram enclosure to enlarge the prayer space and accommodate worshipers.

When the Mongol Empire's troops of Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad in 1258 and advanced towards Syria, Mamluk Emir Baibars (, Circassian: Bipars, a common Circassian name which means the frontier defending warrior ) left Damascus for Cairo where he was welcomed by Sultan Qutuz.

The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Bayezid I then invaded Syria which was regained by the Mamluk sultan Faraj when Timur died in 1405, but continually facing rebellions from local emirs, he was forced to abdicate in 1412.

Cairo's Mamluk sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri was affronted at the attacks upon the Red Sea, the loss of tolls and traffic, the indignities to which Mecca and its port were subjected, and above all at the fate of one of his ships.

In 1508 at the Battle of Chaul the Mamluk fleet won over the Portuguese viceroy's son Lourenço de Almeida, but in the following year the Portuguese won the Battle of Diu in which the Port city of Diu was wrested from the Gujarat Sultanate.

The Russian ambassador in Constantinople categorically refused to mediate because the Russian government was afraid of allowing Mamluks to return to Georgia, where a strong national liberation movement was on the rise which might have been encouraged by a Mamluk return.

To prevent Portuguese attacks against Egyptian coastal towns and the Red Sea port of Jeddah, Qansuh al-Ghawri the last Mamluk sultan ordered a 6, 000-man force headed by Selman Reis to defend Suez in 1507, which in turn limited the Mamluk military's capabilities against the Ottomans in the Mediterranean sea.

When the Mongols were defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260, Baibars, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, began to threaten Antioch, which ( as a vassal of the Armenians ) had supported the Mongols.

Mamluk Tripoli also included 16 madrasas of which four no longer exist ( al-Zurayqiyat, al-Aattar, al-Rifaiyah, and al-Umariyat ).

He was recruited into the Mamluk force in which he gradually rose in ranks and influence, winning the top office of sheikh al-balad ( chief of the country ) in 1760.

Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 and Napoleon's defeat of Egyptian forces, which consisted largely of the ruling Mamluk military caste, the Ottoman Empire dispatched troops from Rumelia ( the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire ) under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province.

But while he was gone, the Mamluk army attacked the Armenian army, which was being commanded by Hetoum's sons, at the Battle of Mari.

Khalil continued his father's policy of replacing Turkish Mamluks with Circassians, which eventually led to conflict within the Mamluk ranks.

Al-Nasir Muhammed returned to Egypt amid overwhelming festivity, Cairo, which was full of people who came from all over Egypt to celebrate, was decorated from Bab al-Nasr ( Victory Gate ) to Qal ' at al-Jabal The prominent Egyptian Mamluk historian Baibars al-Dewadar was present at the battle of Marj al-Saffar ( also called the battle of Shaqhab ).

During the Crusader-Ayyubid wars, Deir al-Balah was the site of a strategic coastal fortress known as " Darum " which was continuously contested, dismantled and rebuilt by both sides until its final demolition in 1196 ; after this the site grew to become a large village on the postal route in the Mamluk era from the 13th to 15th-centuries and served as a episcopal see of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem in Ottoman times until the late 19th-century.

Following its demolition, it is not known how long Darum remained deserted, but it was eventually resettled during the Mamluk rule which began in 1250.

Mansaf, as historian and anthropologist Yousef Ghawanmeh states in his book The cultural history of Jordan during the Mamluk period 1250 – 1517, is associated with a traditional Jordanian culture based on an agro-pastoral lifestyle in which meat and yogurt are readily available.

Mehrauli remained the capital of the Mamluk dynasty which ruled until 1290.

The fortified structure, which surrounds the tomb and the inner chamber ( crypt ) of the tomb itself, are one of finest examples of Mamluk dynasty architecture, which also include the Qutub Minar in Mehrauli.

Egyptian Mamluk Sultan, Baibars ( 1260 – 1277 ) conquered Palestine and the Mamluks ruled it until 1517, regarding it as part of Syria.

John made peace with Damascus and attempted to regain Ascalon ; the Egyptians, now ruled by the Mamluk sultanate, besieged Jaffa in 1256 in response.

One section reached the Kipchak Steppe, another traversed Khorasan and a third body took refuge in Mamluk ruled Syria where they were well received by Sultan Baybars ( 1260 – 77 ).

* Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, an Egyptian sultanate ruled by Mamluks that existed between 1250 and 1517, and included Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz.

* Mamluk Sultanate of India, a dynasty that ruled present day North India, Pakistan and Bengal from 1206 to 1290.

From 1747 to 1831 Iraq was ruled, with short intermissions, by Mamluk officers of Georgian origin who succeeded in asserting autonomy from the Sublime Porte, suppressed tribal revolts, curbed the power of the Janissaries, restored order, and introduced a program of modernization of the economy and the military.

* The Mamluk dynasty of Delhi ruled India between 1211 and 1290

* The Mamluk rule in Iraq, the Mamluk dynasty of Baghdad ruled that city and the surrounding areas until 1832

The Mamluk Governor of Gaza Sanjar al-Jawli ruled the area in the early 14th-century and endowed part of Jabalia's land to the al-Shamah Mosque he built in Gaza.

The 12th Mamluk Sultan of Egypt who ruled for a short period ( 1308 – 1309 ).

The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Mamluks ( al-Mamalik al-Bahariyya المماليك البحرية ) was a Mamluk dynasty of mostly Kipchak Turkic origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks.

From 1250 Egypt had been ruled by the Turkish Mamluk Bahri dynasty.

* Al-Ashraf II ( 1250 – 1254 ) ( nominally, actually the Mamluk Aibek ruled )

It was nominally annexed to Mamluk Egypt by Baybars in 1276, but continued to be at least partially ruled by autonomous Christian kings at Dotawo until its conquest by Sennar in 1504.

* al-Ẓāhir Baybars ( ruled 1260-77 ), Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria

Nasir ’ s claim to fame was building up the Citadel area that the Mamluk Empire ruled from.

Al-Malik Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq () ruled 1382 – 1389 and 1390 – 1399, was the first sultan of the Mamluk Burji dynasty.

Since 1341 the Mamluk empire had been ruled by the descendants of al-Nasir Muhammad, but none of them were strong enough to exert effective control.