This ideal, however, had to be balanced with practical needs, such as maintaining the defense against the Russians and the Mongols, supplying government farms with skilled work force, and running trade in the region's products, which resulted in a continuous trickle of Chinese convicts, workers, and merchants to the north-east.

Tensions between Franks and Mongols had also increased when Julian of Sidon caused an incident which resulted in the death of one of Kitbuqa's grandsons.

As to the actual battle itself, the chronicles report that the Polovtsy broke and ran without having fought and that their flight through the Russian ranks led to mass confusion and resulted in their slaughter by the Mongols.

By 1241, having conquered large parts of Russia, the Mongols continued the invasion of Europe with a massive three-pronged advance, following the fleeing Cumans, who had established an uncertain alliance with King Bela IV of Hungary.

Resentment over such massive changes in population and the resulting government presence and policies sparked more Miao and Yao revolts in 1464 to 1466, which were crushed by an army of 30, 000 Ming troops ( including 1, 000 Mongols ) joining the 160, 000 local Guangxi.

The Mongols retaliated by launching a massive artillery assault on the citadel and when it became apparent that an-Nasir Yusuf was unable to relieve the city with a newly assembled army, the garrison surrendered.

During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols and their Turkic vassals launched two long, massive invasions of the territory of modern Chechnya ( then the Georgian allied Vainakh kingdom of Dzurdzuketia ).

While this did not immediately lead to a massive conversion of Mongols to Buddhism ( this would only happen in the 1630s ), it did lead to the widespread use of Buddhist ideology for the legitimation of power among the Mongol nobility.

The Töv aimag is populated primarily by Halh Mongols, major minority group of Kazakhs declined at intercensal period of massive out migration to the Kazakhstan, rest of minority groups grew of in migrations.

Thus the Mongols were able to train, enjoy the recreation of hunting, and gather food for massive feasts all at once.

Every city or town that refused surrender and resisted the Mongols was subject to destruction.

The city was spared destruction by the invading Mongols, when its local ruler offered tributes and submission to Genghis Khan.

The Mongols have been blamed for the destruction of Kievan Rus ', the breakup of the ancient Rus ' nationality into three components, and the introduction of the concept of " oriental despotism " into Russia.

Konjikala was rebuilt because of its advantageous location on the Silk Road and it flourished until its destruction by Mongols in the 13th century CE.

In the 13th century, following the destruction of Ray by Mongols, many of its inhabitants escaped to Tehran.

The state suffered from devastating destruction by the Mongols who founded Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ), including most of its written records and architecture.

The only major cities to escape destruction was Smolensk, who submitted to the Mongols and agreed to pay tribute, and Novgorod with Pskov, which could not be reached by the Mongols on account of considerable distance and marshlands.

Only after their destruction could the invading Mongols proceed to remove the Abbasid caliph from Baghdad and advance their conquest westward.

The Mamluks, who forced out the Mongols after the destruction of the Ayyubid dynasty, maintained the Ayyubid principality of Hama until deposing its last ruler in 1341.

After the Xia capital was overrun in 1227, the Mongols inflicted devastating destruction on its architecture and written records, killing the last emperor and massacring tens of thousands of civilians.

The Mongols swept into the city on February 13 and began a week of massacre, looting, rape, and destruction.

The destruction of Markt Nosa (" Market Nösen ") under the Mongols of central Europe is described in a document from 1241.

There is little agreement on the precise causes of the decline, but in addition to invasion by the Mongols and crusaders and the destruction of libraries and madrasahs, it has also been suggested that political mismanagement and the stifling of ijtihad ( independent reasoning ) in the 12th century in favor of institutionalised taqleed ( imitation ) thinking played a part.

The destruction of Baghdad by Hulagu Khan in 1258 made Trebizond the western terminus of the Silk Road, and under the protection of the Mongols the city grew to tremendous wealth on the Silk Road trade.

After the fort's destruction in 1242 by Mongols, King Sigismund of Hungary ordered the construction of a stone castle in 1377, while the settlement of Bran began to develop nearby.

After the destruction of the Kara-Khitan realm by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1218, the Kara-Khitans became absorbed into the Mongol empire.

After the town's destruction by Mongols in 1239, it passed to the princes of Bryansk and then to the Grand Dukes of Lithuania.

Meanwhile, Özbeg, the Atabeg of Azerbaijan, saved his capital, Tabriz, and prevented his country's destruction by offering to the Mongols a large amount of money, clothing and horses, which were the Mongols ' best weapons.

Large areas of Islamic Central Asia and northeastern Iran were seriously depopulated, as every city or town that resisted the Mongols was subject to destruction.

The destruction of Maghas is ascribed either to the Mongols or to Tamerlane.

Grand Empress Dowager Xie pursued a dual solution to the pending destruction of her dynasty, on the one hand ordering the people to rally behind their emperor and save the country and on the other suing for peace with the advancing Mongols.

Five days later, on February 10, the city surrendered, but the Mongols did not enter the city until the 13th, beginning a week of massacre and destruction.

Scholars such as Frederick W. Mote argue that the wide drop in numbers reflects an administrative failure to record rather than an actual decrease ; others such as Timothy Brook argue that the Mongols created a system of enserfment among a huge portion of the Chinese populace, causing many to disappear from the census altogether ; other historians like William McNeill and David Morgan argue that the Bubonic Plague was the main factor behind the demographic decline during this period.

In the face of the Mongol Conquests, many of these states paid tribute to the Mongols, becoming effective vassals.

Modern Islamic libraries for the most part do not hold these antique books ; many were lost, destroyed by Mongols, or removed to European libraries and museums during the colonial period.

By 1450, the Tatar language had become fashionable in the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasily II, who was accused of excessive love of the Tatars and their speech, and many Russian noblemen adopted Tatar surnames ( for example, a member of the Veliamanov family adopted the Turkic name " Aksak " and his descendents were the Aksakovs ) Many Russian boyar ( noble ) families traced their descent from the Mongols or Tatars, including Veliaminov-Zernov, Godunov, Arseniev, Bakhmetev, Bulgakov ( descendents of Bulgak ) and Chaadaev ( descendents of Genghis Khan's son Jagatay ).

Via contacts with Turkic peoples like the Uyghurs, this Sogdian name came to the Mongols, who still name this deity Qormusta Tengri ; Qormusta ( or Qormusda ) is now a popular enough deity to appear in many contexts that are not explicitly Buddhist.

Buryats share many customs with other Mongols, including nomadic herding, and erecting gers for shelter.

When the Chinese overthrew Mongol rule and established the Ming dynasty, many Mongols were castrated and turned into eunuchs.

In fury, Fu slaughtered the imperial clan and many officials in Quanzhou and surrendered to the Yuan, strengthening the Mongols ' naval power.

The major characteristic of Prester John tales from this period is the kings ' portrayal not as an invincible hero, but merely one of many adversaries defeated by the Mongols.

His fame has survived the downplay of Zoroastrianism and the anti-Iranian measures of the Umayyads and the Mongols, and many of the stories have been incorporated in contemporary Islamic lore.

Mengu-Timur was good as his words, when the Danes and the Livonian Knights attacked the north-western lands of the Rus in 1269, the Khan's great basqaq ( darugachi ), Amraghan, and many Mongols assisted the Russian army assembled by the Grand duke Yaroslav.

Ibn Battuta witnessed many Christian Kypchaks in the Horde, though their masters, the Mongols, converted to Islam.

The Mongols swept through Georgia in 1236, prompting many of the Jews of Eastern and Southern Georgia to move to the western region, which remained independent.

Kublai moved his headquarters to Dadu, the genesis for what later became the modern city of Beijing, although his establishment of a capital there was a controversial move to many Mongols who accused him of being too closely tied to Chinese culture.

Despite setbacks in the south, overall the Qianlong Emperor's military expansion nearly doubled the area of the already vast empire, and brought into the fold many non-Han-Chinese peoples — such as Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs, Evenks and Mongols — who were potentially hostile.

In 1688 Galdan defeated the Khalkhas or eastern Mongols, many of whom fled southeast to Inner Mongolia where they became and remained Manchu subjects.

Some Muslim communities had the name " kamsia ," which, in Hokkien Chinese, means " thank you "; many Hui Muslims claim it is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was named in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them.

During his stay in China, he discovered and published many invaluable manuscripts, including The Secret History of the Mongols.

The Empire had suffered hard from the interregnum ; the Mongols were still at large in the east, even though Timur had died in 1405 ; many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control ; and the land, especially Anatolia, had suffered hard from the war.

Though the Mongols had destroyed the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, many Khwarezmians survived by working as mercenaries in northern Iraq.

His many translations include A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems ( 1918 ), Japanese Poetry: The Uta ( 1919 ), The No Plays of Japan ( 1921 ), The Tale of Genji ( published in 6 volumes from 1921-33 ), The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon ( 1928 ), The Kutune Shirka ( 1951 ), Monkey ( 1942, an abridged version of Journey to the West ), The Poetry and Career of Li Po ( 1959 ) and The Secret History of the Mongols and Other Pieces ( 1964 ).

In his preface to The Secret History of the Mongols, he writes that he was not a master of many languages, but claims to have known Chinese and Japanese fairly well, a good deal of Ainu and Mongolian, and some Hebrew and Syriac.

This led many Chinese to become xenophobic towards the Mongols.