The Jurchen-founded Jin Dynasty was defeated by the Mongols, who then proceeded to defeat the Southern Song in a long and bloody war, the first war in which firearms played an important role.

In 1237 – 1238 the Mongols burnt down the city of Vladimir ( 4 February 1238 ) and other major cities of northeast Russia, routed the Russians at the Sit ' River, and then moved west into Poland and Hungary.

Ibn Battuta joined the royal caravan for a while, then turned north on the Silk Road to Tabriz, the first major city in the region to open its gates to the Mongols and by then an important trading centre as most of its nearby rivals had been razed by the Mongol invaders.

They also saw an elite convert to Judaism ( the Khazars ), only to disappear as the centers of power in the lands once occupied by that elite fell to the people of Rus and then the Mongols.

* 1215 – Zhongdu ( now Beijing ), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.

The Mamluks of Egypt then sought, and were granted, permission to advance through Frankish territory, and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in September 1260.

In the Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire's campaign against China ( then comprising the Western Xia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and Southern Song Dynasty ) by Genghis Khan until Kublai Khan, who eventually established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, with their armies was extremely effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas.

The Mongols were then free to lay siege without interference of the field army as it had been destroyed ... At the siege of Aleppo, Hulegu used twenty catapults against the Bab al-Iraq ( Gate of Iraq ) alone.

Much of this success in defense lay in the world's first use of gunpowder ( i. e. with early flamethrowers, grenades, firearms, cannons, and land mines ) to fight back against the Khitans, the Tanguts, the Jurchens, and then the Mongols.

The Idiquts ( title of the Karakhoja rulers ) ruled independently until the 1120s, when they submitted to the Qara Khitai, then continued as vassal rulers under the Mongols from 1209.

In the early thirteenth century, that state was then invaded by Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, under whose successors saw the displacement of Iranian-speaking communities from some parts of Central Asia.

The Mongols then resolved to " reach the ultimate sea ", where they could proceed no further, and invaded Hungary and Poland.

In the 7th century, after a brief rule under the Turkish Khaganats, it was conquered by the Arabs and then the Mongols and much later, by the Russians.

Thus from then on until 1635, Inner Mongolia was the political and cultural center of the Mongols during the Northern Yuan Dynasty.

Despite a considerable movement among Inner Mongolia's Mongols ( who comprised then around 15 % of Inner Mongolia's population, while Han Chinese around 83 %) for unification with Outer Mongolia, Inner Mongolia remained part of China.

The Mongols then started to block Xiangyang off from the rest of Song.

The Mongols had ruled over Beijing, or Dadu, as it was then called, under the Yuan Dynasty from 1271 to 1368 but had been expelled from the city by Zhu Di's father, Zhu Yuangzhang with the help of General Xu Da.

The princess watches anxiously as first the glowering Prince of the Indies ( Noble Johnson ), then the obese Prince of Persia ( an uncredited Mathilde Comont ), and finally the Prince of the Mongols ( Sojin ) pass by the rose-tree.

The Mongols were then countered decisively at their weak points, which were battles in swampy areas such as Chương Dương, Hàm Tử, Vạn Kiếp and on rivers such as Vân Đồn and Bạch Đằng.

The Mongols had acquired the technique of distilling arak ( aragh ) from the Persians ( Iran ) during their invasion of Central Asia / Middle East around 1256, then it was subsequently introduced to Koreans and distilleries were set up around the city of Kaesong.

After the Silesians were repelled, the cavalry of Greater Poland, led by Sulisław, and the cavalry of Opole then attacked the Mongols.

The Mongols never again seriously looked westward for conquest, only raiding for loot, and even then they were not able to commit the bulk of their forces, which had to guard against other Mongols.

In early October 1274, the Battle of Bun ' ei began with a combined force of Mongols and Koreans seizing Tsushima, and then attacking Kyūshū, landing at Hakata Bay.

In July 1449 Esen Tayisi ( Chinese: 也先台吉 ) of the Oirat Mongols launched a large-scale, three-pronged invasion of China with his puppet khagan Toqtaq-Buqa.

The Mongols, before the rule of Kublai Khan, had launched military campaigns as far as Eastern Europe, and had conquered Russia, Siberia, Tibet, Korea, North China, Yunnan, Iraq, Anatolia and Iran.

The Bulgarian Empire was still tributary to the Mongols in 1308. When the Bulgarian czar was expelled by a local boyar c. 1295, the Mongols launched another invasion of Bulgaria to protect their protege.

Then from 1218 to 1220 Genghis Khan and his Mongols launched the invasion of Central Asia and destroyed the Kara-Khitan Khanate and the Khwarezmid Empire, including the splendid capital of the latter, Gurganj.

During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols and their Turkic vassals launched two long, massive invasions of the territory of modern Chechnya ( then the Georgian allied Vainakh kingdom of Dzurdzuketia ).

Realizing that it was time to drive the Mongols out, the Vietnamese launched a counter attack and won the decisive battle of Dong Bo Dau.

An embassy to the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north, which helped to distract Baibar's forces.

While some military historians point out that leaving enemies in your rear is not generally wise, the Mongols proved that indirect attack, and bypassing weaker foes to eliminate the strongest first, is a devastatingly effective mode of invasion.

The major attempt made by Inäzor Purgaz from Arzamas in January 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of Sit River the Mongols occupied the fortress and the remnants of small Nizhny Novgorod settlement which surrendered without any resistance in order to preserve what had been developed since Purgaz's attack nine years earlier.

Jin dynasty could not withstand Mongols ' attack and was finally perished by Ögedei Khan in 1234.

When the Mongols intruded into Goryeo to attack Khitan rebel groups in 1218, Daesun went over to the Mongols.

At first their invasion caused trouble to the Ming Chinese but Yu, the officer of the Ming Dynasty, and his commander Wang ambushed the Mongols and organized unexpectedly vigorous counter attack to capture Dayan Khan the next year.

Their commander, Louis IX, attempted to enlist the Mongols to launch a coordinated attack on Egypt, but when this failed to materialize, the Crusader force sailed to Damietta and the Muslims there fled as soon as they landed.

Bayan, after receiving military support from the Mongols in Russia, requested assistance from both the Great Khan Temur and the Ilkhanate to organize a unified attack against Kaidu's forces.

When the Mongols reached the highlands, Mamluk forces appeared from hiding and began to fire arrows and attack with their cavalry.

The Middle Ages in Romania began with the withdrawal of the Mongols, the last of the migrating populations to invade the territory of modern Romania, after their attack of 1241 – 1242.

In 1242, the Mongols invaded Seljuk territory to the east of Nicaea, and although John III was worried they might attack him next, they ended up eliminating the Seljuk threat to Nicaea.

In the outer regions, one of the leaders rebelled and allied with the Mongols to attack the Ming.

During the last years of Hethum's reign, largely as a result of Hethum's active support of the Mongols, the Kingdom came under increasing attack by the Mamluks, who invaded in 1266, taking 40, 000 Armenians captive, ( including Hethum's son, Leo ) at the Disaster of Mari.

Closer contacts ensued when the Mongols successively sought to move through the Sino-Tibetan borderlands to attack the Jin Dynasty and then the Southern Song, with incursions on outlying areas.

The Yuan Dynasty Mongols sent expeditions to this area with an eye toward using the region as a base for attack on Japan, or for defending against the Sakhalin Ainus.

On hearing of the Mongols ' successful attack, the citizens of Pest, who had been accusing the Cumans of cooperating with the Mongols, murdered Köten, the Khan of the Cumans ; therefore the enraged Cumans began to plunder the countryside and they left the country.

Then, rather than waiting for the Mongols to attack, Qutuz decided to raise an army to engage them away from Egypt.

Al-Ashraf was also planning to attack Cyprus and the Mongols in Baghdad .< ref > In 1292, Gaykhatu the Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate sent a message to Al-Ashraf Khalil threatening him that if he not allow him to live in Aleppo he would conquer the whole of the Levant.

Although Guo was born and raised in Mongolia, he is unwilling to side with the Mongols to attack the Song Empire and exploit his own race.

The Mongols then proceeded to attack the Cumans, who had split into two separate groups as they were returning home, destroying both armies and executing all the prisoners before sacking Astrakhan.

In 1254 AD, after the Mongols wiped out DaLy ( Yunnan-China today ), the Mongol ’ s emissaries came to Dai Viet ( Vietnam ) and demanded that the Tran dynasty allow their armies freely pass through Dai Viet and attack Song.