According to the dictionary of Monier Monier-Williams, the most frequent meanings of the Sanskrit term, from which the word " prakrit " is derived, are " original, natural, normal " and the term is derived from, " making or placing before or at first, the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance ".

( All the meanings and derivations cited above are based upon Sanskrit English Dictionary of Monier-Williams ).

The Sanskrit term haṭha refers to the use of persistence or force, and haṭhayoga is translated by the Monier-Williams dictionary as " a kind of forced Yoga or abstract meditation ( forcing the mind to withdraw from external objects ; treated of in the Haṭha ‐ pradīpikā by Svātmārāma and performed with much self ‐ torture, such as standing on one leg, holding up the arms, inhaling smoke with the head inverted & c .).

Similar accusations had already led to Müller's exclusion from the Boden chair in Sanskrit in favour of the conservative Monier Monier-Williams.

In Hinduism, yajna ( Sanskrit ; yagam ( Tamil ய ா கம ்) ; also Anglicized as Yajna, Yadna ) is a ritual of sacrifice ( also " worship, prayer, praise, offering and oblation, sacrifice " according to Monier-Williams ) derived from the practice in Vedic times.

Monier Monier-Williams, KCIE ( 12 November 1819 – 11 April 1899 ) was the second Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford University, England.

* Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries ( Searchable ), Monier-Williams ' Sanskrit-English Dictionary

In the 19th century, Sir Monier Monier-Williams ( Indologist and Boden Professor of Sanskrit at the University of Oxford ) wrote that " Perhaps the most important point to which Raja Ram Mohan Roy awakened was the absence of all Vedic sanction for the self-immolation of widows ( Suttee ).

* Monier-Williams, Sanskrit Dictionary ( 1899 ).

* Generally: Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary ( 1899 ), s. v.

In Hinduism, is the goddess of death and corruption, one of the dikpāla ( Guardians of the directions ), representing the southwest ( or — according Monier-Williams ’ s Sanskrit-English Dictionary — the south ).

* A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European languages, Monier Monier-Williams, revised by E. Leumann, C. Cappeller, et al.

* Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Searchable

* Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

* Monier Monier-Williams: A Sanskrit-English Dictionary.

According to the Monier-Williams Dictionary ( 2006 ), rūpa is defined as:

He finds mention in the Adiparva section of the epic Mahābhārata, where he is stated to be an Asura or a demonic ruler ( Also See main entry Candra in Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary ).

According to Monier-Williams ( 1964 ), the etymology of sukha is " said to be su + kha and to mean originally ' having a good axle-hole '...." Thus, for instance, in the Rig Veda sukha denotes " running swiftly or easily " ( applied, e. g., to chariots ).

Earliest reference of this word is to be found in the Rgveda-7. 82. 7a, where it is used in the sense ' pain, suffering ' ( Monier-Williams ).

V. S. Apte gives this particular meaning and derivation, and Monier-Williams also gives the same, with some qualification.

Monier-Williams also conjectures that the root drish ( to see ) might have given rise to an obsolete root rish meaning " to see ".

Indigenous grammar ( Pāṇini Dhātupāṭha I. 557 ) gives to Kīl the meaning of bandha, i. e. " to bind ", while Monier-Williams ( 285 ) gives the meanings " to bind, fasten, stake, pin ".

As noted by Monier-Williams in his Sanskrit-English dictionary, according to Alexander Cunningham, its shape represents a monogram formed by interlacing of the letters of the auspicious words su-astí () written in Ashokan characters.

Monier-Williams wrote in Brahmanism and Hinduism that the symbol of linga is " never in the mind of a Saiva ( or Siva-worshipper ) connected with indecent ideas, nor with sexual love.

Monier-Williams ' late 19th century dictionary adds that, " according to native authorities Upanishad means ' setting to rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the supreme spirit.

Monier-Williams also quotes Tārānātha who compiled the great ( Sanskrit-to-Sanskrit ) dictionary named " ṛṣati jñānena saṃsāra-pāram " ( i. e., " one who reaches beyond this mundane world by means of spiritual knowledge ").

* Frederick Charles Danvers, Harriet Martineau, Monier Monier-Williams, Stuart Colvin Bayley, Percy Wigram, Brand Sapte et al.

Monier-Williams gives " solar day " instead of Rāśi as the fifth limb.

* Biography of Sir Monier Monier-Williams, Dr. Gillian Evison, Digital Shikshapatri

Monier-Williams defines the compound as ( m., also pl.

Assuming that 1 paurusha is 6 ft long, then 1 yojana must represent a distance of about 14. 6 km ( or about 9 miles, as suggested by Monier-Williams ).

A photo of Monier Monier-Williams by Lewis Carroll, taken from,, touched up Derrick Coetzee.

If the name has an Indo-European etymology, it is possibly a suffixed form of a root * wel-" to turn, roll ", or of * sel-" to flow, run ".< ref > The American Heritage Dictionary, " Indo-European roots: wel < sup > ₂ </ sup >"</ ref > The latter possibility would allow comparison to the Vedic Sanskrit Saraṇyū, a character who is abducted in Rigveda 10. 17. 2.

* A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: With References to the Best Edition of Sanskrit Author and Etymologies and Comparisons of Cognate Words Chiefly in Greek, Latin, Gothic and Anglo-Saxon, 1866

According to the Monier Williams Sanskrit – English Dictionary ( 1899 ), Surabhi means fragrant, charming, pleasing, as well as cow and earth.

* Edgerton, Franklin, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary.

* According to D. Pingree, he presents the only Sanskrit treatise on geometrical optics. D Pingree, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography ( New York 1970-1990 )

* Dictionary of Sanskrit Terms

According to the Digital Dictionary of Buddhism, xīn xiāngxù means " continuance of the mental stream " ( from Sanskrit citta-saṃtāna or citta-saṃtati ), contrasted with wú xiàngxù 無相續 " no continuity of the mental stream " ( from asaṃtāna or asaṃdhi ) and shì xiāngxù 識相續 " stream of consciousness " ( from vijñāna-saṃtāna ).

Natya Shastra, the principle work of dramatic theory for Sanskrit drama, lists the following apsaras: Manjukesi, Sukesi, Misrakesi, Sulochana, Saudamini, Devadatta, Devasena, Manorama, Sudati, Sundari, Vigagdha, Vividha, Budha, Sumala, Santati, Sunanda, Sumukhi, Magadhi, Arjuni, Sarala, Kerala, Dhrti, Nanda, Supuskala, Supuspamala and Kalabha.

* Kuttanimata, by the eighth-century Kashmiri poet Damodaragupta ( Dāmodaragupta's Kuṭṭanīmata, though often included in lists of this sort, is really a novel written in Sanskrit verse, in which an aged bawd named Vikarālā gives advice to a young, beautiful, but as yet unsuccessful courtesan of Benares ; most of the advice comes in the form of two long moral tales, one about a heartless and therefore successful courtesan, Mañjarī, and the other about a tender-hearted and therefore foolish girl, Hāralatā, who makes the mistake of falling in love with a client and eventually dies of a broken heart.