* 1832 – Black Hawk, leader of the Sauk tribe of Native Americans, surrenders to U. S. authorities, ending the Black Hawk War.

Native Americans used red alder bark ( Alnus rubra ) to treat poison oak, insect bites, and skin irritations.

The inner bark of the alder, as well as red osier dogwood, or chokecherry, was also used by Native Americans in their smoking mixtures, known as kinnikinnick, to improve the taste of the bearberry leaf.

Whigs and moralists denounced his aggressive enforcement of the Indian Removal Act, which resulted in the forced relocation of thousands of Native Americans to Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma ).

* 1911 – Ishi, considered the last Native American to make contact with European Americans, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern California.

Early Native Americans utilized a number of cooking methods in early American Cuisine, that have been blended with early European cooking methods to form the basis of American Cuisine.

The cuisine of the American South has been influenced by the many diverse inhabitants of the region, including Americans of European descent, Native Americans and African Americans.

He turned the settlers into foragers and successful traders with the Native Americans, who taught the English how to plant corn and other crops.

Smith led expeditions to explore the regions surrounding Jamestown, and it was during one of these that the chief of the Powhatan Native Americans captured Smith.

Some friendly Native Americans ( including Squanto ) helped the Pilgrims survive through the first winter.

Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants of the land that is today known as the United States and played its first music.

* Native Americans in the United States

* 1832 – Black Hawk War: Around three-hundred United States 6th Infantry troops leave St. Louis, Missouri to fight the Sauk Native Americans.

At the beginning of the war, Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to the Native Americans.

The Mongols also used adhesives to make their short bows, and the Native Americans of the eastern United States used a mixture of spruce gum and fat as adhesives to fashion waterproof seams in their birchbark canoes.

African Americans and Native Americans with this allele have a reduced risk of developing alcoholism.

Native Americans however, have a significantly higher rate of alcoholism than average ; it is unclear why this is the case.

Other risk factors such as cultural environmental effects e. g. trauma have been proposed to explain the higher rates of alcoholism among Native Americans compared to alcoholism levels in caucasians.

In 1840, Walker, a Protestant missionary, recorded stories of giants among the Native Americans living in Spokane, Washington.

Native Americans, on the other hand, did not fight in lines, utilizing instead guerrilla tactics.

Historical evidence also points to the use of non-returning boomerangs by the ancient Egyptians, Native Americans of California and Arizona, and inhabitants of southern India for killing birds and rabbits.

Native Americans customarily grew them along with corn and squash ( the so-called Three Sisters ), with the tall cornstalks acting as support for the beans.

Since then, American English has been influenced by the languages of West Africa, the Native American population, Spanish, and immigration.

" Since then, Dartmouth has graduated over 700 Native American students from over 200 different tribes, more than the other seven Ivy League universities combined.

In the 1929 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica he published what was then the most authoritative classification of Native American languages, and the first based on evidence from modern comparative linguistics.

The English merchants holding plantations in the warm southern parts of America then resorted rather quickly to the slavery of Native Americans and imported Africans in order to cultivate their plantations and sell raw material ( particularly cotton and tobacco ) in Europe.

When the Indian Rebellion of 1857 broke out in South Asia, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, declared allegiance to rebels and joining their numbers on 10 September 1857.

As the story goes, back in the late 18th century when General John Sullivan was avenging the Wyoming and Cherry-Valley Massacres, he chased a group of renegade Native Americans, up from present day Athens, Pennsylvania ( then known as Tioga Point ) through the valley, to a point somewhere along the cliffs.

For instance, in a column discussing Hurricane Katrina, he cited Wikipedia, quoted at length a discussion of Katrina's lessons on American inequality from the Native American publication Indian Country Today, and then included excerpts from a David Brooks column in the New York Times in a discussion of why the events of Katrina illustrated the necessity for global development and redistribution of wealth.

He then went to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where he and Paul Green collaborated on a dramatic version of Native Son.

The recent history of the Valley is the history of human visitors, first Native Americans, then European settlers, then visitors from around the world.

He then argued that cases Native Americans had been pronouncing the word in question the same way, consistently, and the variation was only perceived by someone whose own language distinguishes those two sounds.

The river was then known to local Native Americans as ' Tap Teel ', although the area has been inhabited since prehistory.

Since then, there has been significant comparative linguistic work expanding outside of European languages as well, such as on the Austronesian languages and various families of Native American languages, among many others.

The territorial boundaries claimed as sovereign and controlled by the Native American nations living in what was then known as the Indian Territories — the portion of the early United States east of the Mississippi River not yet claimed or allotted to become Oklahoma -- were fixed and determined by national treaties with the United States Federal government under terms recognizing these entities as dependent but internally sovereign, or autonomous nations under the sole jurisdiction of the Federal government.

The military actions and subsequent treaties enacted by the Jackson and Van Buren administrations pursuant to the 1830 law are widely considered to have directly caused the expulsion or death of a substantial part of the Native Americans then living in the southeastern United States.

The disruptions following American and European trade and settlement first led to a flowering of totem pole carving and then to a decline in the Alaska Native cultures and their crafts.

In 1724, John Wright, an English Quaker, traveled to the Columbia area ( then a part of Chester County ) to explore the land and proselytize to a Native American tribe, the Shawnee, who had established a settlement along Shawnee Creek.

European settlers were subjected to a number of raids by Native Americans during the colonial period, including a raid on Fort Randolph and later on Fort Donnally, then inhabited by 25 men and 60 women and children.

In fact, the first whites to encounter the area were fur traders, then long hunters, who came to a large salt lick, known as French Lick, in present-day Nashville to trade with Native Americans and to hunt the abundant game.

Doing so would still not remove the controversy surrounding Kennewick Man as then it would have to be decided which Native American group should take possession of the remains if he could not be definitively linked with a current tribe.

Its area then included about one eighth of Ohio, and had about 2, 000 inhabitants ( not including the few remaining Native Americans ).

The rolling hills and rich soils which produce bountiful agricultural crops drew Native American tribes and then Europeans to the area.

Today, this has been interpreted by some contemporary Native Americans to mean the telephone network, and then the internet and World Wide Web.

:" Joseph Smith was then told that the members of the Church should buy as much land as possible west from Independence up to the line that designated the land of the Native Americans.