The famous old French and Spanish buildings with their elaborate wrought iron balconies and the narrow streets of the Latin Quarter present an Old World scene.

Allegiance is formed from " liege ," from Old French liege, " liege, free ", of Germanic origin.

Some of the French dialects spoken in the French and Swiss Alps derive from Old Provençal ; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages.

An amateur ( French amateur " lover of ", from Old French and ultimately from Latin amatorem nom.

An abbot ( from Old English abbod, abbad, from Latin abbas (“ father ”), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς ( abbas ), from Aramaic ܐܒܐ / אבא (’ abbā, “ father ”); confer German Abt ; French abbé ) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumen or archimandrite.

The English word amber derives from the Arabic anbar, via Medieval Latin ambar and Old French ambre.

Known to the Iranians by the Pahlavi compound word kah-ruba ( from kah “ straw ” plus rubay “ attract, snatch ,” referring to its electrical properties ), which entered Arabic as kahraba ' or kahraba, it too was called amber in Europe ( Old French and Middle English ambre ).

The common name alder is derived from an old Germanic root, also found to be the translation of the Old French verne for alder or copse of alders.

Ambroise ( flourished c. 1190 ) was a Norman poet and chronicler of the Third Crusade, author of a work called L ' Estoire de la guerre sainte, which describes in rhyming Old French verse the adventures of Richard Coeur de Lion as a crusader.

It is dated from 1297, as a " mail, defensive covering worn in combat " from Old French armoire, itself derived from the Latin armatura " arms and / or equipment " with the root arma " arms or gear ".

Abettor ( from to abet, Old French abeter, à and beter, to bait, urge dogs upon any one ; this word is probably of Scandinavian origin, meaning to cause to bite ), is a legal term implying one who instigates, encourages or assists another to commit an offence.

Abeyance ( from the Old French abeance meaning " gaping ") is a state of expectancy in respect of property, titles or office, when the right to them is not vested in any one person, but awaits the appearance or determination of the true owner.

The English word " amputation " was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie ( published in either 1597 or 1612 ); his work was derived from 16th century French texts and early English writers also used the words " extirpation " ( 16th century French texts tended to use extirper ), " disarticulation ", and " dismemberment " ( from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal ), or simply " cutting ", but by the end of the 17th century " amputation " had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.

The word autumn comes from the Old French word autompne ( automne in modern French ), and was later normalised to the original Latin word autumnus.

Barge is attested from 1300, from Old French barge, from Vulgar Latin barga.

Bark " small ship " is attested from 1420, from Old French barque, from Vulgar Latin barca ( 400 ).

The word battle is a loanword in English from the Old French bataille, first attested in 1297, from Late Latin battualia, meaning " exercise of soldiers and gladiators in fighting and fencing ", from Late Latin ( taken from Germanic ) battuere " beat ", from which the English word battery is also derived via Middle English batri, and comes from the staged battles in the Colosseum in Rome that may have numbered 10, 000 individuals.

The Old French term crossed into English around 1300, referring to one belonging to the lowest stage of knighthood.

Translations into the vernacular were done by famous notables, including King Alfred ( Old English ), Jean de Meun ( Old French ), Geoffrey Chaucer ( Middle English ), Queen Elizabeth I ( Early Modern English ), and Notker Labeo ( Old High German ).

According to the later thirteenth century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, Raynald captured Saladin's sister in a raid on a caravan, although this claim is not attested in contemporary sources, Muslim or Frankish, instead stating that Raynald had attacked a preceding caravan, and Saladin set guards to ensure the safety of his sister and her son, who came to no harm.

Death of John II Komnenos, and crowning of Manuel I Komnenos ( from the Manuscript of William of Tyre's Historia and Old French Continuation, painted in Acre, Israel, 13th century, Bibliothèque nationale de France ).

( MS of William of Tyre's Historia and Old French Continuation, painted in Acre, 13C.

( From MS of William of Tyre's Historia and Old French Continuation, painted in Acre, 13C.

The mid-thirteenth century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre ( formerly attributed to Ernoul ) claims that Agnes advised her son to marry Sibylla to Guy, and that Amalric had brought Guy to Jerusalem specifically for him to marry Sibylla.

Later writers ( such as the 13th century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre and the Latin Continuation of William of Tyre ) conflated these two incidents, claiming erroneously that Saladin's sister, aunt, or even mother, had been taken prisoner, but this is contradicted by Arabic sources, such as Abu Shama and Ibn al-Athir.

From 1941 to 1944, during the Continuation War, an attempt was made to restore the monastery buildings at Old Valaam, but later the island served as a Soviet military base.

* A Short View of the Whole Scripture History: With a Continuation of the Jewish Affairs From the Old Testament Till the Time of Christ ; and an Account of the Chief Prophesies that Relate to Him

Some popular modern histories have claimed that he was fleeing vengeance after committing a private murder: this is due to a failure to recognise Branas's name, garbled into " Lyvernas " in the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre ( sometimes known as The Chronicle of Ernoul ), and Roger of Howden's abridgement of his own Gesta regis Henrici Secundi ( formerly attributed to Benedict of Peterborough ).

According to the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, Reginald of Sidon had taken charge in Tyre and was in the process of negotiating its surrender with Saladin.

In an incident described by the Itinerarium Peregrinorum ( which is generally hostile to Conrad ), the Old French Continuation and Sicardus of Cremona's second chronicle ( now known through quotations by Salimbene di Adam and Alberto Millioli ), Saladin presented Conrad's aged father, William V of Montferrat, who had been captured at Hattin, before the walls of the city.

For a long time, popular narrative histories favoured an account from the 13th century Old French Continuation of William Tyre, partly attributed to Ernoul, and associated with the Ibelin family.

( MS of William of Tyre's Historia and Old French Continuation, painted in Acre, 13C.

Baldwin of Ibelin was in Jerusalem at the time of Sibylla's marriage, and did not go to Constantinople until later in the year — contradicting the claims in the Old French Continuation.

The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre ( the so-called Chronicle of Ernoul ) claimed that Sibylla had been infatuated with Balian's older brother Baldwin of Ibelin, a widower over twice her age, but this is doubtful ; instead, it seems that Raymond of Tripoli attempted a coup to marry her off to him to strengthen the position of his faction ; however, this legend seems to have been behind the film's creation of a romance between Sibylla and a member of the Ibelin family.

Guy and Raynald did harass Saladin's caravans, and the claim that Raynald captured Saladin's sister is based on the account given in the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre.

According to the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre ( also known as the Chronicle of Ernoul ), Humphrey's mother Stephanie sent a message to Saladin telling him of the recent wedding and reminding him of their shared history:

Isabella was already known to be carrying their first child – Maria of Montferrat, who later succeeded her mother as queen regnant ( see the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, the Brevis Regni Hierosolymitani Historia in the Annals of Genoa, and the Muslim chronicler Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani ).

There are varying accounts in different manuscripts of the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, also known as The Chronicle of Ernoul.

The earliest form of her name, Orcades, is found in the First Continuation of the Old French Perceval of Chrétien de Troyes ( which was once attributed to Wauchier de Denain and dated c. 1200 ), in which she is the mother of sons Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris, Gareth, and Mordred and daughters Clarissant and Soredamor.

By the mid-thirteenth century, when the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre ( the so-called Chronicle of Ernoul ) was compiled, the story of the bride of Botrun had evolved into a fanciful legend in which Plivain's uncle put the young lady ( there renamed Lucie ) on the scales, and offered Raymond her weight in gold, to obtain the marriage.

Because most of information about Heraclius comes from his rival William and the 13th-century Old French Continuation of his chronicle, sometimes attributed to Ernoul, Heraclius is often seen as a particularly corrupt and worldly choice for patriarch.

The claim in the Old French Continuation that he excommunicated William in 1183, forcing him to leave the kingdom to seek the Pope's help in Rome, and arranged for him to be poisoned there, is demonstrably false.

To date, the fictional representations of Heraclius are all derived from the negative portrayal in the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre: see Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's Nathan der Weise, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka's Król trędowaty ( The Leper King ), Manuel Mujica Láinez's El unicornio ( The Wandering Unicorn ), and Graham Shelby's Knights of Dark Renown.