This is an idealized mathematical model: real physical Diesels do have an increase in pressure during this period, but it is less pronounced than in the Otto cycle.

The idealized Otto cycle of a gasoline engine approximates constant volume during that phase, generating more of a spike in a p-V diagram.

The formula is more complex than the Otto cycle ( petrol / gasoline engine ) relation that has the following formula ;

The Otto cycle by comparison has both the heat addition and rejection at constant volume.

Comparing the two formulae it can be seen that for a given compression ratio (), the ideal Otto cycle will be more efficient.

And the ideal Otto cycle formula stated above does not include throttling losses, which do not apply to Diesel engines.

This is in contrast to igniting it with a spark plug as in the Otto cycle ( four-stroke / petrol ) engine.

The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the gasoline powered Otto cycle by using highly compressed hot air to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug ( compression ignition rather than spark ignition ).

The lightweight petrol internal combustion engine, operating on a four-stroke Otto cycle, has been the most successful for light automobiles, while the more efficient Diesel engine is used for trucks and buses.

In thermodynamics, heat engines are often modeled using a standard engineering model such as the Otto cycle.

** Otto cycle ( e. g. Gasoline / Petrol engine, high-speed diesel engine )

* Four-stroke engine ( Otto cycle )

Four-stroke cycle ( or Otto cycle ) 1.

In thermodynamic terms it follows the Otto engine cycle, so may be thought of as a " four-phase " engine.

Idealised Pressure volume diagram | P / V diagram for two-stroke Otto cycle

Idealised Pressure volume diagram | Pressure / volume diagram of the Otto cycle showing combustion heat input Qp and waste exhaust output Qo, the power stroke is the top curved line, the bottom is the compression stroke

Engines based on the four-stroke (" Otto cycle ") have one power stroke for every four strokes ( up-down-up-down ) and employ spark plug ignition.

Otto cycle:

Otto cycle is the typical cycle for most of the cars internal combustion engines, that work using gasoline as a fuel.

Otto cycle is exactly the same one that was described for the four-stroke engine.

PV diagram for Otto cycle

The systems capture the wasted heat of the four-stroke Otto cycle with an injection of air or water.

Die Proklamation des Deutschen Kaiserreiches by Anton von Werner ( 1877 ), depicting the proclamation of the foundation of the German Reich ( 18 January 1871, Palace of Versailles ). Left, on the podium ( in black ): Crown Prince Frederick ( later Frederick III, German Emperor | Frederick III ), his father Emperor William I, German Emperor | William I, and Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden | Frederick I of Baden, proposing a toast to the new emperor. Centre ( in white ): Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian Chief of Staff.

* 1877 – Otto Gross, Austrian psychoanalyst ( d. 1920 )

* Otto Gross ( 1877 – 1920 )

* August 5 – Heinrich Otto Wieland, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate ( b. 1877 )

* 1877 – Nikolaus Otto patents a four-stroke internal combustion engine ().

The earliest applied linguists included Jean Manesca, Heinrich Gottfried Ollendorff ( 1803 – 1865 ), Henry Sweet ( 1845 – 1912 ), Otto Jespersen ( 1860 – 1943 ), and Harold Palmer ( 1877 – 1949 ).

Sir ( Charles Otto ) Desmond MacCarthy ( 1877 – 1952 ) was a British literary critic and journalist.

Okeh ( pronounced ' okay ') was founded by Otto K. E. Heinemann ( 1877 – 1965 ), a German-American manager for the U. S. branch of German-owned Odeon Records.

Heinrich Otto Wieland ( 4 June 1877 – 5 August 1957 ) was a German chemist.

* Otto Herschmann ( 1877 – 1942 ), Austrian Olympic fencing and swimming medalist

* Otto Finsch, Catalog der Ausstellung ethnographisher und naturwissenschaftlicher Sammlungen ( Bremen: Diercksen und Wichlein, 1877 ).

During the autumn of 1877 he went to London, Paris and Berlin on a confidential mission, establishing cordial personal relationships with British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and Foreign Minister Lord Granville and other English statesmen, and with Otto von Bismarck, by then Chancellor of the German Empire.

* Dietrich von Bern-opera in 3 acts ( 1877 ; revised by Otto zur Nedden, 1925 )

) in the 1850s, and Fritz Hanemann ( 1847 – 1877 ), Christian Peip ( 1843 – 1922 ), Bruno Domann and Otto Koffmahn ( 1851 – 1916 ) in the 1860s.

Simson continued as president of the Reichstag until 1874, when he retired from the chair, and in 1877 resigned his seat in the Diet, but at Otto von Bismarck's urging, accepted the presidency of the supreme court of justice ( Reichsgericht ), and this high office he filled with great distinction until his final retirement from public life in 1891.

In 1877, pathologist Otto Bollinger described the presence of Actinomyces bovis in cattle, and shortly afterwards, James Israel discovered Actinomyces israelii in humans.

Dr. Otto Herschmann ( 4 January 1877 – 14 June 1942 ) was a Jewish Austrian swimmer, fencer, lawyer, and sport official.

Otto Pfleiderer wrote an assessment of Kierkegaard's views in 1877.

he became Otto Klemperer's personal assistant at the Cologne Opera, and a year later was promoted to the position of regular conductor.

After a comparison of the substances half-lives determined by Debierne, Hariett Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority.

In Art and Artist ( 1932 ), the psychologist Otto Rank wrote that the psychological trauma of birth was the pre-eminent human symbol of existential anxiety and encompasses the creative person's simultaneous fear of – and desire for – separation, individuation and differentiation.

Schweitzer saw many operas of Richard Wagner at Straßburg ( under Otto Lohse ), and in 1896 he pulled together the funds to visit Bayreuth to see Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal, and was deeply affected.

Albert was the only son of Otto, Count of Ballenstedt, and Eilika, daughter of Magnus Billung, Duke of Saxony.

In 936, Otto I was crowned king of the kingdom in the collegiate church built by Charlemagne.

From 1850 onwards he became well known as a critic and essay-writer, and in 1860 he began working on his magnum opus, his History of Music, which was published at intervals from 1862 in five volumes, the last two ( 1878, 1882 ) being edited and completed by Otto Kade and Wilhelm Langhans.

Cameron also points out that whether he refers to Plato or to Crantor, the statement does not support conclusions such as Otto Muck's " Crantor came to Sais and saw there in the temple of Neith the column, completely covered with hieroglyphs, on which the history of Atlantis was recorded.

Esiko's grandson was Otto, Count of Ballenstedt, who died in 1123.

Saint Adelaide of Italy ( 931 / 932 – 16 December 999 ), also called Adelaide of Burgundy, was the second wife of Otto the Great, Holy Roman Emperor.

His brothers were equally willing to save the dowager queen, but Otto got an army into the field: they subsequently met at the old Lombard capital of Pavia and were married in 951 ; he was crowned emperor in Rome, 2 February 962 by Pope John XII, and, most unusually, she was crowned empress at the same ceremony.

When her husband Otto I died in 973 he was succeeded by their son Otto II, and Adelaide for some years exercised a powerful influence at court.

Later, however, her daughter-in-law, the Byzantine princess Theophano, turned her husband Otto II against his mother, and she was driven from court in 978 ; she lived partly in Italy, and partly with her brother Conrad, king of Burgundy, by whose mediation she was ultimately reconciled to her son ; in 983 Otto appointed her as his viceroy in Italy.

In 995 Otto III came of age, and Adelaide was free to devote herself exclusively to works of charity, notably the foundation or restoration of religious houses.

In 951, Adelaide was married to King Otto I, the future Holy Roman Emperor.

Otto Lilienthal, following the work of Sir George Cayley, was the first person to become highly successful with glider flights.

She was transformed by her therapy with Otto Rank, who broke with Freud over his failure to appreciate the power of women's sexuality, the value of art, and the meaning of the mother-child relationship.

Nin was acquainted, often quite intimately, with a number of prominent authors, artists, psychoanalysts, and other figures, and wrote of them often, especially Otto Rank.

Born in New Haven, Connecticut of Russian Jewish heritage, Capp was the eldest child of Otto Philip and Matilda ( Davidson ) Caplin.