Under the Ottomans, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis.

The Ottomans faced little resistance from these divided and weak Bulgarian states.

The threat was significant, for the village of Csejte had previously been plundered by the Ottomans while Sárvár, located near the border that divided Royal Hungary and Ottoman-occupied Hungary, was in even greater danger.

The Ottomans divided their Empire into millets or subject nations, of which the Greeks were the largest, known as the Millet-i Rûm.

The treaty formally recognized independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, together with the autonomy of Bulgaria, though the latter de facto functioned independently and was divided into three parts: the Principality of Bulgaria, the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia, and Macedonia, which was given back to the Ottomans, thus undoing Russian plans for an independent — and Russophile —" Greater Bulgaria ".

Administratively, the Ottomans divided the Albanian-inhabited lands among a number of districts, or vilayets.

The Ottomans divided Greece into six sanjaks, each ruled by a Sanjakbey accountable to the Sultan, who established his capital in Constantinople in 1453.

Ottomans took on a circular or octagonal shape through the 19th century, with seating divided in the center by arms or a central, padded column that might hold a plant or statue.

In addition, the so-called Turkish question divided the Habsburgs and the Hungarians: Vienna wanted to maintain peace with the Ottomans ; the Hungarians wanted the Ottomans ousted.

After the battle, the territory of the former Hungarian Kingdom was divided into three portions: in the west and north, Royal Hungary retained its existence under Habsburg rule ; the Ottomans controlled the south-central parts of former Hungary ; while in the east, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom ( later the Principality of Transylvania ) was formed as a semi-independent entity under Ottoman suzerainty.

The League was divided into two main fractions, that of those who wanted Albania to remain under the Ottoman Empire, like Abdul Frasheri and Ali Pasha of Gucia, and those who sought total independence from both the Ottomans and the Slavs, like Marash Lula from the Dukagjini Region.

The British wrested control of the city from the Ottomans during World War I and it was to be included in an international zone under the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.

With the end of World War I, Britain was given a mandate over the area known as Palestine, which it had conquered from the Ottomans.

* Mandatory Palestine ( 1920 – 1948 ), a mandated area named Palestine and exercised by Britain, covering former Southern Syria of the Ottomans

; 1915 January: Two months after the British declaration of war against the Ottomans, Herbert Samuel presents a detailed memorandum entitled s: The Future of Palestine to the British Cabinet on the benefits of a British protectorate over Palestine to support Jewish immigration

The Ottomans wrested back control of Palestine from the Egyptians in 1840 – 41.

During World War I, he conceived the idea of establishing a Jewish Legion to fight alongside the British against the Ottomans who then controlled Palestine.

In order to boost its tax base, the Ottomans required Arabs in Palestine, as elsewhere, to register their lands for the first time.

A clandestine group, Nili, was established to pass information to the British in the hope of defeating the Ottomans and ending their rule over Palestine.

His defence of Palestine in 1917 was also a failure-though it must be admitted that his forces ( which belonged to the Ottomans ) were both outnumbered and out-classed ; casualties were fairly equal in number, as well.

* Khatib, Hisham ( 2003 ) Palestine and Egypt Under the Ottomans: Paintings, Books, Photographs, Maps and Manuscripts I. B. Tauris, ISBN 1-86064-888-6

The battalion then moved to Ottoman-controlled Palestine, still part of the 3rd ( Lahore ) Division, to take part in the campaign there against the Ottomans.

On 19 July, the Ottomans and Germans mounted a brief attack at Abu Tellul near the Jordan, but were defeated by Australian Light Horse regiments with heavy casualties to the German 11th Reserve Jäger battalion, which was subsequently withdrawn from Palestine.

In 1908 the Ottomans turned Tulkarm into a major rail junction on the Hejaz Railway line running up from Egypt and southern Palestine to Haifa and Akka in the northwest, Jerusalem, Nablus and Ramallah to the south, Lebanon to the north, and Syria and Transjordan to the east.

In 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turks in a battle for control over western Asia and the Ottomans captured Palestine in 1516.

Two years later, in 1832, Palestine was conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt, but in 1840 Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further capitulations.

Some nationalists argue that “ the nation was always there, indeed it is part of the natural order, even when it was submerged in the hearts of its members .” In keeping with this philosophy, Al-Quds University states that although “ Palestine was conquered in times past by ancient Egyptians, Hittites, Philistines, Israel, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Romans, Muslim Arabs, Mamlukes, Ottomans, the British, the Zionists … the population remained constant-and is now still Palestinian .”

In the 1830s however, Palestine was occupied by the Egyptian vassal of the Ottomans, Muhammad Ali and his son Ibrahim Pasha.

The Ottomans wrested back control of Palestine from the Egyptians in 1840-41.

In 1917, the British captured Palestine from the Ottomans, and in 1922 – 23 Tubas was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine.

After conquering Edirne ( Adrianople ) in 1365 the Ottomans turned it into a joint capital city for governing their European realms, but Bursa remained the most important Anatolian administrative and commercial center even after it lost its status as the sole Ottoman capital.

As Prime Minister of the Peelite / Whig coalition government, the Earl of Aberdeen eventually led Britain into war on the side of the French / Ottomans against the Russian Empire.

With no further threat by the Serbs and the subsequent Byzantine civil wars, the Ottomans captured Constantinople in 1453 and advanced southwards into Greece, capturing Athens in 1458.

Kapodistrias negotiated with the Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire the borders and the degree of independence of the Greek state and signed the peace treaty that ended the War of Independence with the Ottomans ; introduced the phoenix, the first modern Greek currency ; organised local administration ; and, in an effort to raise the living standards of the population, introduced the cultivation of the potato into Greece.

Power then passed into the hands of a group of politicians, most of whom who had been commanders in the War of Independence against the Ottomans.

The Ottomans scuttled the four ships present there, but the Greeks were able to salvage the Italian-built torpedo-boats Antalya and Tokat, which were commissioned into the Greek Navy as Nikopolis and Tatoi respectively.

The Ottomans attempted to create peace by dividing Mt Lebanon into a Christian district and a Druze district, but this would merely create geographic powerbases for the warring parties, and it plunged the region back into civil conflict which included not only the sectarian warfare but a Maronite revolt against the Feudal class, which ended in 1858 with the overthrow of the old feudal system of taxes and levies.

After the Ottomans regained control, European money continued to flow into Nazareth and new institutions were established.

A major earthquake devastated Gallipoli ( modern Gelibolu ) two years later and Orhan's son Süleyman Paşa occupied the town, giving the Ottomans a strong bridgehead into mainland Europe.

The " Ottomans " became first known to the West in 1227 when they migrated westward into the Seljuk Empire, in Anatolia.

The conquest of Constantinople began to make the Ottomans the rulers of one of the most profitable empires, connected to the flourishing Islamic cultures of the time, and at the crossroads of trade into Europe.

Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century following Vasco da Gama's voyages of exploration saw them battle the Ottomans up the coast of the Persian Gulf.

The Ottomans officially renounced sovereignty over Qatar in 1913, and in 1916 the new ruler, Jassim bin Mohammed's son, Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani, signed a treaty with Britain bringing the peninsula into the trucial system.

Additionally, the spread of rockets into Europe was also influenced by the Ottomans at the siege of Constantinople in 1453, although it is very likely that the Ottomans themselves were influenced by the Mongol invasions of the previous few centuries.

The Carniolan noblemen's army thus defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Sisak of 1593, marking the end of the immediate Ottoman threat to the Slovene Lands, although sporadic Ottoman incursions continued well into the 17th century.

Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century following Vasco da Gama's route of exploration saw them battle the Ottomans up the coast of the Persian Gulf.

As the Zaidi Imamate collapsed in the 19th century due to internal division, the Ottomans moved south along the west coast of Arabia back into northern Yemen in the 1830s, and eventually even took San ' a ' making it the Yemeni district capital in 1872.

The war's end triggered the abdication of aging monarchies and the collapse of the last modern empires of Russia, Germany, the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary, with the latter splintered into Austria, Hungary, southern Poland ( who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia ), Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Moldavia.

Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century followed Vasco da Gama's voyages of exploration in which the Portuguese battled the Ottomans up the coast of the Persian Gulf.

In alliance with Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans, Bulgaria won military victories against Serbia and Romania, occupying much of Macedonia ( taking Skopje in October ), advancing into Greek Macedonia, and taking Dobruja from Romania in September 1916.

Though the fort was reduced to rubble during the bombardments, when the Ottomans abandoned the siege the fort was rebuilt and reinforced, becoming partially incorporated into the seaward bastion of the fortress city of Valletta.

In 1552, Ahmed Pasha conquered the city with a 16, 000 Ottomans and transformed it into a capital city in the region.