The metopes of the Parthenon have largely lost their fully rounded elements, except for heads, showing the advantages of relief in terms of durability.

The Parthenon replica, built largely out of plaster as a temporary exhibit building ( the Nashville pavilion of the Centennial Exposition ) began to fall into disrepair and was proposed for demolition on several occasions, but public sentiment in favor of this symbol of Nashville as the " Athens of the South " precluded this.

The Parthenon itself replaced an older temple of Athena, which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BC.

Cleitarchus claims that the destruction was a whim ; Plutarch and Diodorus recount that it was intended as retribution for Xerxes ' burning of the temple of Athena on the Acropolis in Athens in 480 BC ( the destroyed temple was replaced by the Parthenon of Athens ).

During the Kavvadias ’ excavations, Dörpfeld was instrumental in correcting the previous belief that the temple of Athena, destroyed by the Persians in 480 BCE, was not beneath the Parthenon, but to the north of it.

We stopped first at the amphitheater that lies at the foot of the height crowned by the Parthenon.

The most famous example is the Acropolis of Athens, which, by reason of its historical associations and the several famous buildings erected upon it ( most notably the Parthenon ), is known without qualification as the Acropolis.

It is safer to judge him by the sculptural decoration of the Parthenon, in which he must almost certainly have taken a share under the direction of Phidias.

The Parthenon, which was being used as a gunpowder magazine, was hit by artillery fire and severely damaged.

The Egyptians, Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the practical purpose of holding up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to be decorated with reliefs or painting, but the Ancient Greeks, followed by the Romans, loved to use them on the outside as well, and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most characteristic features of classical architecture, in buildings like the Parthenon.

The Centauromachy is most famously portrayed in the Parthenon metopes by Phidias and in a Renaissance-era sculpture by Michelangelo.

* TIB = The Interpreter ’ s Bible, The Holy Scriptures in the King James and Revised Standard versions with general articles and introduction, exegesis, exposition for each book of the Bible in twelve volumes, George Arthur Buttrick, Commentary Editor, Walter Russell Bowie, Associate Editor of Exposition, Paul Scherer, Associate Editor of Exposition, John Knox Associate Editor of New Testament Introduction and Exegesis, Samuel Terrien, Associate Editor of Old Testament Introduction and Exegesis, Nolan B. Harmon Editor, Abingdon Press, copyright 1955 by Pierce and Washabaugh, set up printed, and bound by the Parthenon Press, at Nashville, Tennessee, Volume XI, Philippians, Colossians and Exegesis by Francis W. Beare, Exposition by G. Preston MacLeod, Thessalonians, Pastoral Epistles First and Second Epistles to Timothy, and the Epistle to Titus, Philemon, Hebrews

It has been suggested that Hadrian was deliberately imitating Phidias ' famous statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon, seeking to draw attention to the temple and himself by doing so.

The temple was excavated in 1889-1896 by Francis Penrose of the British School in Athens ( who also played a leading role in the restoration of the Parthenon ), in 1922 by the German archaeologist Gabriel Welter and in the 1960s by Greek archaeologists led by Ioannes Travlos.

Though containing some Egyptian and French neo-Classicist features, the design was basically a huge Greek temple in the Doric style, loosely modelled on the Parthenon in Athens, though raised up on an enormous geometric plinth and flanked by numerous obelisks ( the Egyptian element ).

Designed by Senemut, her Vizier ( Ancient Egypt ) | vizier, the building is an example of perfect symmetry that predates the Parthenon, and it was the first complex built on the site she chose, which would become the Valley of the Kings

* The Classical period ( c. 500 – 323 BC ) is characterised by a style which was considered by later observers to be exemplary ( i. e. ' classical ')— for instance the Parthenon.

Pheidias Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to his Friends ( 1868 ) by Lawrence Alma-Tadema | Sir Lawrence Alma-TademaPhidias, or The Great Pheidias ( in Ancient Greek, ; circa 480 – 430 BC ), was a Greek sculptor, painter and architect, who lived in the 5th century BC, and is commonly regarded as one of the greatest of all sculptors of Classical Greece: Phidias ' Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

It is therefore possible that most sculptural decoration of the Parthenon was the work of Phidias ' atelier but supposedly made by pupils of Phidias, such as Alcamenes and Agoracritus.

* The Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens is completed by Ictinus and Callicrates and is consecrated after 9 years of construction.

It is described as the " Parthenon of Gothic architecture ", and by John Ruskin as " Gothic, clear of Roman tradition and of Arabian taint, Gothic pure, authoritative, unsurpassable, and unaccusable.

On 28 September, the Parthenon in Athens is badly damaged when Venetian mortar fire explodes a Turkish powder magazine housed in the building.

During the 1687 Venetian attack on the city of Athens ( conquered by the Ottomans ), the Ottomans turned the ancient Parthenon into an ammunitions storehouse.

A Venetian mortar hit the Parthenon, detonating the Ottoman gunpowder stored inside and partially destroying it.

A shot fired during the bombardment of the Acropolis caused a powder magazine in the Parthenon to explode, and the building was severely damaged, giving it the appearance we see today.

For example, the Athenian Parthenon, first reconsecrated as a church was turned into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest and remained structurally unharmed until the 17th century AD.

In 1687 the Turks, who had been in control of the city since the fifteenth century, with a truly shattering lack of prudence used the Parthenon as a powder magazine.

There was a relief sculpture of Prometheus with Pandora on the base of Athena's cult statue in the Athenian Parthenon of the 5th century BC.

In the 5th century AD, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

The architects Mnesikles and Callicrates are said to have called the building Hekatompedos (" the hundred footer ") in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture, and, in the 4th century and later, the building was referred to as the Hekatompedos or the Hekatompedon as well as the Parthenon ; the 1st-century AD writer Plutarch referred to the building as the Hekatompedon Parthenon.

At some point in the 5th century BC, Iktinos, the great architect of the Parthenon, built the Telesterion big enough to hold thousands of people.

It continued to stand in the Parthenon in the 5th century CE, when it may have been lost in another fire.

The earliest known indication of shorthand systems is from Ancient Greece, namely the Parthenon in which a stone from mid-4th century BC was found.

In the sculptural frieze of the Great Altar of Pergamum ( 2nd century BC ), Dione is inscribed in the cornice directly above her name and figures in the eastern third of the north frieze, among the Olympian family of Aphrodite ; thus she is an exception to the rule detected by Erika Simon that the organizational principle according to which the gods on the Great Altar were grouped, was Hesiodic: her company in the grouping of offspring of Uranus and Gaia is Homeric, as is her possible appearance in the east pediment of the Parthenon.

The impact of the frieze can be sought in the Attic relief sculpture of the late 5th century ; this resonance may be discovered to some degree in the public works of the Hephaisteion frieze and the Nike Athena balustrade, where the imagery of the seated gods and the sandal-binder respectively likely owes a debt to the Parthenon.

This Doric limestone building, from which many relics survive, is referred to as the hekatompedon ( Greek for " hundred – footed "), Ur-Parthenon ( German for " primitive Parthenon "), H – Architecture or Bluebeard temple, after the pedimental three-bodied man-serpent sculpture, whose beards were painted dark blue.

Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings and unsalvageable architectural members were buried ceremoniously in several deeply dug pits on the hill, serving conveniently as a fill for the artificial plateau created around the classic Parthenon.

Most of the major temples, including the Parthenon, were rebuilt under the leadership of Pericles during the Golden Age of Athens ( 460 – 430 BC ).

Monuments to foreign kings were erected, notably those of the Attalid kings of Pergamon Attalos II ( in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon ), and Eumenes II, in front of the Propylaia.

However, in August 1939, due to the imminence of war and the likelihood of air-raids the Parthenon Sculptures along with Museum's most valued collections were dispersed to secure basements, country houses, Aldwych tube station, the National Library of Wales and a quarry.

In 1962 the Duveen Gallery was finally restored and the Parthenon Sculptures were moved back into it, once again at the heart of the museum.

He and Ictinus were architects of the Parthenon ( Plutarch, Pericles, 13 ).

These sculptures, now known as the Elgin Marbles or the Parthenon Marbles, were sold in 1816 to the British Museum in London, where they are now displayed.

The most important buildings visible on the Acropolis today — the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Erechtheion and the temple of Athena Nike — were erected during this period.

This development had a direct effect on the sculptural decoration of temples, as many of the greatest extant works of Ancient Greek sculpture once adorned temples, and many of the largest recorded statues of the age, such as the lost chryselephantine statues of Zeus at the Temple of Zeus at Olympia and Athena at the Parthenon, Athens, both over 40 feet high, were once housed in them.

The shallow reliefs and three-dimensional sculpture which adorned the frieze and pediments, respectively, of the Parthenon, are the lifelike products of the High Classical style ( 450-400 BC ) and were created under the direction of the sculptor Phidias.

The contemporary Parthenon, the largest temple in classical Athens, is also in the Doric order, although the sculptural enrichment is more familiar in the Ionic order: the Greeks were never as doctrinaire in the use of the Classical vocabulary as Renaissance theorists or neoclassical architects.

Inscriptions prove that the marble blocks intended for the pedimental statues of the Parthenon were not brought to Athens until 434 BC, which was probably after the death of Phidias.

Battles between Lapiths and Centaurs were depicted in the sculptured friezes on the Parthenon, recalling Athenian Theseus ' treaty of mutual admiration with Pirithous the Lapith, leader of the Magnetes, and on Zeus ' temple at Olympia ( Pausanias, v. 10. 8 ).

She was a strong advocate for the return to Athens of the Parthenon Marbles, which were removed from the Parthenon, and are now displayed in the British Museum.

He created colossal gold-plated marble statues (" chryselephantine statues "), generally face and hands, which were highly celebrated and admired in his own time: Athena, situated in the interior of the Parthenon, whose splendor reached the faithful through the open doors, and Zeus in the Sanctuary of Olympia, considered in its age and in later ages to be one of the marvels of the world.

Wojciech Pietranik, the designer of the medal, along with the organisers of the Games were criticised by the Greek press for using the Roman Colosseum rather than the Greek Parthenon.

Admiration of them reached its highest pitch in the 18th and 19th centuries ; they were described as " the Parthenon sculptures of modern art ".

Certain Ancient Greek statues of great prestige were chryselephantine, i. e. made of gold-plated wood ( for the clothing ) and ivory ( for the flesh ); most famously those of Zeus in Olympia and Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon.

I wouldn't do this if it were the Parthenon.

With very few exceptions Greek buildings were of a peripteral design that placed the cella in the center of the plan, such as the Parthenon and the Temple of Apollo at Paestum.

In 1803, there was widespread criticism of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin for removing the " Elgin Marbles " from their rightful place on the Parthenon in Athens ; but the marble sculptures themselves were valued by his critics only for their aesthetic qualities, not for the information they might supply about Greek civilization.