The eleventh century Persian mathematician Omar Khayyám saw a strong relationship between geometry and algebra, and was moving in the right direction when he helped to close the gap between numerical and geometric algebra with his geometric solution of the general cubic equations, but the decisive step came later with Descartes.

The citizens lost their right to free grain in 618 when Heraclius realised that the city no longer could be supplied from Egypt as a result of the Persian wars: the population dropped substantially in size as a result.

The color Persian indigo is displayed at right.

Arabic, Urdu, and Persian languages — written from right to left — use a reversed question mark: ؟, and a reversed comma: ،.

The Persian Emperor Cambyses II upon conquering Ancient Egypt sent ambassadors to Macrobia bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission, but instead the Macrobian ruler replied with a challenge for the Persian ruler in the form of an unstrung bow, that if the Persians could manage to string, they would have the right to invade his country, but until then they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire.

Once a coastal city near the mouth of the Euphrates on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank, from Nasiriyah.

Dating from the period of the Persian wars, the king lost the right to declare war and was accompanied in the field by two ephors.

The Persian Gulf coast south of Khuzestan and the Gulf of Oman coast have no real plains because the Zagros in these areas come right down to the shore.

An alidade can be seen in the lower right illustration of the Persian astrolabe above.

The chief difference was that in Persian culture the concept of kingship was indivisible from divinity: divine authority validated the divine right of kings.

In this book, the authors have written that The Persia governor granted the right of making wine at Shiraz to Louis de I ' Estoile for his own use and to export five horses each year from Bandar-e-Abbas ( located in Persian Gulf ).

However, on the Persian right the fight between Artaxerxes ' army and Cyrus was far more difficult and protracted.

This Mazaeus was the commander who threw away what looked like certain victory on the Persian right at the battle of Gaugamela ( 331 BC ), and later became Alexander's governor of Babylon.

Divan of Hafez, with a Persian miniature at left and ghazal s in nastaliq at right.

Persian became to a great extent the language of everyday life among the Jews of Babylonia ; and a hundred years after the conquest of that country by the Sassanids an amora of Pumbedita, Rab Joseph ( d. 323 ), declared that the Babylonian Jews had no right to speak Aramaic, and should instead use either Hebrew or Persian.

The right wing marched across level ground straight towards the Persian camp, whilst the left wing attempted to outflank the Persians by passing through more broken ground.

The soldiers of the right wing followed them into the camp, at which many of the Persian army fled from the camp, except the ethnic Persian troops, who grouped together and fought the Allied soldiers who entered the camp.

After " two thirds of the day " had elapsed a squadron of the elite Persian cavalry broke through the Roman right flank, composed of Belisarius ' Ghassanid allies, with surprising force such that the Ghassanids were accused of treachery after they fled.

A few weeks later they bought the right to play in Persian Gulf Cup from Sepahan Novin and promoted to IPL.

Iranian Medes | Median ( left ) and Persian people | Persian ( right ) soldiers, Carvings of Persepolis.

After achieving a breakthrough, Alexander demonstrated he could do the difficult and held the cavalry successfully in check after it broke the Persian right.

In the Battle of Gaugamela ( October 1 331 BC ), in which Alexander defeated Darius III, Bessus commanded the left wing of the Persian army, chiefly composed by troops of his satrapy, who had only been merely mobilized before the battle of Issus.

Its left wing or " left hand " ( in official Mongolian-sponsored Persian sources ) was called Blue Horde in Russian chronicles but White Horde in Timurid sources ( e. g. Zafar-Nameh ).

Finally, the left wing arrived, outflanking the camp and falling on the rear of the remaining Persian forces, thereby completing the rout.

The Persians then attacked the Byzantine right wing, where Perozes sent the Persian Immortals, the elite Persian armored lancers.

Philip took command of the right wing of the Macedonian army and placed his 18-year-old son Alexander ( the future conqueror of the Persian Empire ) in command of the left wing, accompanied by a group of Philip's experienced generals.

For example in the Hellenica Xenophon writes ' When Dercylidas learned this ( that a Persian army was nearby ), he ordered his officers to form their men in line, eight ranks deep ( the hoplite phalanx ), as quickly as possible, and to station the peltasts on either wing along with the cavalry.

After an overwhelming victory in the Persian Gulf, the wing returned to Carswell.

The wing deployed to the Persian Gulf on August 8, 1990, and began 24-hour-a-day reconnaissance of the region for Central Command Commander Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, under Operation DESERT SHIELD.

It was a fortunate time in which to build, for the seventeenth century was a great period in Persian art.

Alec's first impression of the lobby was gloomy, Victorian dignity -- black walnut and red plush, a black and white tiled floor, and Persian rugs.

Another candidate for one of the first scholars to carry out comparative ethnographic-type studies in person was the medieval Persian scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the eleventh century, who wrote about the peoples, customs, and religions of the Indian subcontinent.

Later during the 6th century BC, most of Anatolia was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Persians having usurped the Medes as the dominant dynasty in Iran.

Imperial Aramaic was highly standardised ; its orthography was based more on historical roots than any spoken dialect and was inevitably influenced by Old Persian.

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā ( Persian پور سينا Pur-e Sina " son of Sina "; c. 980 – 1037 ), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived.

Shortly before this battle the Spartan navy, of which he had received the supreme command, was totally defeated off Cnidus by a powerful Persian fleet under Conon and Pharnabazus.

Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

As Sargon extended his conquest from the " Lower Sea " ( Persian Gulf ), to the " Upper Sea " ( Mediterranean ), it was felt that he ruled " the totality of the lands under heaven ", or " from sunrise to sunset ", as contemporary texts put it.

He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest.

Amasis worrying that his daughter would be a concubine to the Persian king refused to give up his offspring ; Amasis also was not willing to take on the Persian empire so he concocted a trickery in which he forced the daughter of the ex-pharaoh Apries, whom Herodotus explicitly confirms to have been killed by Amasis, to go to Persia instead of his own offspring.

Amasis reacted by cultivating closer ties with the Greek states to counter the future Persian invasion into Egypt but was fortunate to have died in 526 B. C. E.

" Although a Greek, he may have been a soldier of the Persian army when Clazomenae was suppressed during the Ionian Revolt.

He was a favorite of Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied in his Persian campaigns, and wrote a third historical work on Alexander.

Only then in fact was payment for assembly attendance, the central event of democracy ( Similarly for the period before the Persian wars, but for the very early democracy the sources are very meagre and it can be thought of as being in an embryonic state ).

In the subsequent centuries, the Persian version of the name had begun to come into general use before it was adopted by official decree in 1935.

At least one of his works was influenced by the Persian invasion of Greece, which took place during his lifetime.

The Delian League, founded about 477 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, members numbering between 150 to 173, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.