German military Enigma was first broken in December 1932 by the Polish Cipher Bureau, using a combination of brilliant mathematics, the services of a spy in the German office responsible for administering encrypted communications, and a slice of good luck.

On 25 July 1939, just five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, the Polish Cipher Bureau handed reconstructed Enigma machines and their techniques for decrypting ciphers to their French and British allies.

SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) was the countering process of decryption, with the notable examples being the Allied breaking of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra, which was derived from methodology given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau, which had been decoding Enigma for seven years before the war.

* November 30 – The Polish Cipher Bureau breaks the German Enigma cipher.

On July 25, 1939, just five weeks before Hitler's invasion of Poland, the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau shared its Enigma-decryption methods and equipment with the French and British as the Poles ' contribution to the common defense against Nazi Germany.

A few months later, using the Polish techniques, the British began reading Enigma ciphers in collaboration with Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologists who had escaped Poland, overrun by the Germans, to reach Paris.

In 1929, while still a student, Różycki, proficient in German, was one of twenty-odd Poznań University mathematics students who accepted an invitation to attend a secret cryptology course organized at a nearby military installation by the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, headquartered in Warsaw.

From September 1932 Różycki served as a civilian cryptologist with the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, housed till 1937 in Warsaw's Saxon Palace.

During the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-21, Leśniewski served the cause of Poland's independence by breaking Soviet Russian ciphers for the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau.

Zygalski was, from September 1932, a civilian cryptologist with the Polish General Staff's Biuro Szyfrów ( Cipher Bureau ), housed in the Saxon Palace in Warsaw.

* Kozaczuk, Władysław, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, 1984: a history of cryptological efforts against Enigma, concentrating on the contributions of Polish mathematicians Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski ; of particular interest to specialists will be several technical appendices by Rejewski.

* Polish Cipher Bureau

In December 1932, Bertrand shared intelligence obtained from Asché with the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau ( Biuro Szyfrów ).

It was a substantial development from a device that had been designed in 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski, and known as the " cryptologic bomb " ( Polish: " bomba kryptologiczna ").

In July 1939, the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau had turned over to French and British intelligence representatives information about the Polish achievements in breaking German military Enigma traffic.

Most of the Polish Cipher Bureau's key personnel had managed to reach France by October 1939 and had been assigned to PC Bruno.

* Polish Cipher Bureau

The Biuro Szyfrów (, Polish for " Cipher Bureau ") was the interwar Polish General Staff's agency charged with both cryptography ( the use of ciphers and codes ) and cryptology ( the study of ciphers and codes, particularly for the purpose of " breaking " them ).

Five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, on 25 July 1939, in Warsaw, the Polish Cipher Bureau revealed its Enigma-decryption techniques and equipment to representatives of French and British military intelligence, which had been unable to make any headway against Enigma.

On 8 May 1919, a Polish Army " Cipher Section " ( Sekcja Szyfrów ), precursor to the " Cipher Bureau " ( Biuro Szyfrów ), was created by Lt. Józef Serafin Stanslicki.

The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau investigation in 1939 – 1940 concluded that the events were a result of panic and confusion among the Polish troops.

The main ancestries of the population ( Source: 2000 US Census Bureau ) are: Italian ( 16. 9 %), Irish ( 10. 5 %), German ( 6. 6 %), Polish ( 5. 6 %), and Russian ( 3. 1 %).

He disabled the Franco-Polish " Interallié " network, and captured both Polish Air Force Captain Roman Czerniawski and some of his headquarters staff, one of whom was Mathilde Carré, who had contacts with the Vichy 2nd Bureau.

After a short period of rehabilitation, he returned to active service in the Information and Propaganda Bureau of the Headquarters of the Polish Home Army.

To him, Andrei Androfski had always been the living symbol of a Polish officer.

The moving of millions of the German master-race, from the very heart of Junkerdom, to make room for the Polish Slavs whom they had enslaved and openly planned to exterminate was a drastic operation, but there was little doubt that it was historically justified.

there had been lessons in French from a small Polish nobleman with a really profound distaste for his pupils ; ;

He was part of an aristocratic Polish family whose members had worked as mathematicians, scientists, and engineers for generations.

Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the Order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ).

After some delay Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom ; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty concluded at Kraków, Albert pledged a personal oath to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.

One of the senior Polish commanders on the day, Duke Bogusław Radziwiłł, wrote that the Polish army had had 80, 000 soldiers.

The attempts by Konrad of Masovia to subdue the Prussian lands had picked long-term and intense border quarrels, whereby the Polish lands of Masovia, Cuyavia and even Greater Poland became subject to continuous Prussian raids.

From 1955 onwards, the works of directors of the so-called Polish Film School had a great influence on the contemporary trends such as French New Wave, Italian neorealism or even late Classical Hollywood cinema.

According to the Polish Kabbalist, " the legend was known to several persons, thus allowing us to speculate that the legend had indeed circulated for some time before it was committed to writing and, consequently, we may assume that its origins are to be traced to the generation immediately following the death of R. Eliyahu, if not earlier.

To speed up the construction works, the Polish government in November 1924 signed a contract with the French-Polish Consortium for Gdynia Seaport Construction, which by the end of 1925 had built a small seven-metre-deep harbour, the south pier, part of the north pier, a railway, and had also ordered the trans-shipment equipment.

Some 50, 000 Polish citizens, who after 1920 had been brought into the area by the Polish government after the decision to enlarge the harbour was made, were expelled into the General Government.

Also, when the court spent six months in Pleß ( now Pszczyna ), Telemann had an opportunity to hear and study Polish and Moravian folk music, which fascinated and inspired him.

Numerous Polish Jews emigrated to France, Germany and America, founding Jewish communities in places where they had been expelled from during the Middle Ages.

One exception was a military force of Poles from the Polish Legions that had fought in Napoleon's army.

These included Germans who had collaborated with Germany before the war, but also those who considered themselves German but had been neutral ; those who were partially " Polonized " but " Germanizable "; and Germans who were of Polish nationality.

It had an all-transistor design, 13-digit capacity on a CRT, and introduced Reverse Polish notation ( RPN ) to the calculator market at a price of $ 2200.

The Polish – Lithuanian Union had become an influential player in Europe and a vital cultural entity, spreading the Western culture eastward.

As the authorities reestablished control within the Empire, the revolt in the Kingdom, placed under martial law, had withered as well, leaving tsarist concessions in the areas of national and workers ' rights, including Polish representation in the newly created Russian Duma.