The Roman Curia can be loosely compared to cabinets in governments of countries with a Western form of governance, but only the Second Section of the Secretariat of State, known also as the Section for Relations with States, the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and the Congregation for Catholic Education, can be directly compared with specific ministries of a civil government.

Set up by Pope John Paul II by a motu proprio of 15 January 1993, it is presided over by the Cardinal Secretary of State and includes also the Secretary and the Undersecretary for Relations with States, and the Secretaries of the Congregations for the Eastern Churches, for the Clergy, and for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, and of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity.

They remained part of the Pontifical States up to the French Revolution, during which they became part of France in 1791.

The Papal State ( s ), the State ( s ) of the Church, the Pontifical States, the Ecclesiastical States, or the Roman States (, also Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato Ecclesiastico ;, also Dicio Pontificia ) were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia ( after which the Papal States, in less territorially extensive form, continued to exist until 1870 ).

The University of St. Thomas is the only university in the United States to have a formal affiliation with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, called the " Angelicum ".

A pneumonia and bronchial congestion cut short his pursuit of a doctorate in divinity at the Pontifical Urban Athenaeum, forcing him to return to the United States in 1885 without his degree.

The Cardinal also received twenty-six ( 26 ) honorary doctorates in various fields from prestigious Higher Education Institutions in the Philippines, and abroad ( mostly from notable Universities in the United States of America ), among which are the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Yale University, Georgetown University, and Boston College.

Ciechanover is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and is a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, he served as Chairman of the Committee on Doctrine ( 1979 – 81 ), of the Committee on Human Values ( 1984 – 1987 ), and of the Committee on the Pontifical North American College ( 1989 – 1991 ; 1994 – 1997 ).

As both a college and seminary, it has been accredited both through Middles States Commission on Higher Education and the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas ( Angelicum ), respectively.

The Pontifical North American College is a Roman Catholic educational institution in Rome, Italy that forms seminarians for priestly ministry in the dioceses in the United States and elsewhere and that provides a residence for American priests pursuing graduate studies or continuing formation programs in Rome.

* Pompeo Gabrielli ( 1780-1861 ) was Minister of War in 1848, the first layman to sit in the Pontifical States ' Government ever.

In 1931, the only Roman Catholic pontifical college outside of Italy, the Pontifical College Josephinum relocated just north of Worthington where it exists today.

Today, a man who receives what were previously called minor orders is not yet a cleric, since today one becomes a cleric only upon ordination to the diaconate, a rule that applies even to members of institutes authorized to observe the 1962 form of the Roman Rite, such as the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter and others under the care of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei.

It was founded in 1961 by the Dominican Order as a community college of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico ( today known as the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico ).

" The Roman Pontifical gives an additional account, " The Liberian basilica, today called Saint Mary Major, was founded by Pope Liberius ( 352-366 ) and was restored and enlarged by Sixtus III.

The forms of minor orders, including subdeacon, were very short, and consisted simply of the delivery of the instruments: keys to the porters, books of lectors, and exorcists, cruets to acolytes, chalice, paten, basin, ewer and towel to subdeacons, occur, Bidding Prayers and all, in the Roman Pontifical of today.

:"... the existence of this Pontifical Academy of Sciences, of which in its ancient ancestry Galileo was a member and of which today eminent scientists are members, without any form of ethnic or religious discrimination, is a visible sign, raised amongst the peoples of the world, of the profound harmony that can exist between the truths of science and the truths of faith .... The Church of Rome together with all the Churches spread throughout the world, attributes a great importance to the function of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.

Even during the lifetime of Marchese Serafini, the powers of the Governor were limited by Pope Pius XII in 1939 by the establishment of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State — consisting of a number of cardinals, originally three, but later increased to seven.

Under his reign Michelangelo re-built the basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli ( in the Diocletian's Baths ) and the eponymous Villa Pia, now known as Casina Pio IV and headquarters of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, was designed by Pirro Ligorio in the Vatican Gardens.

The Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue is the central office of the Catholic Church for the promotion of interreligious dialogue in accordance with the spirit of the Second Vatican Council, in particular the declaration Nostra Aetate.

Laocoön and his Sons in the Vatican Museums | Vatican which is among the works under the care of the Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church

Members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard at the Prefettura Pontificia in Vatican City.

The pope delegates legislative authority for the state to the unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State.

The President of the Pontifical Commission is also the President of the Governorate of Vatican City, to whom the pope delegates executive authority for the state.

The Corpo della Gendarmeria is the state's security and police force, not the Pontifical Swiss Guard, which is an organ of the Holy See, not Vatican City.

Since 1970, the Pontifical Swiss Guard has been the only active military of the Vatican City.

* The Pontifical University of Maynooth is established by decree of the Vatican.

Cardine was employed as a teacher of palaeography and semiology by the Vatican from 1952 to 1984 at the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music in Rome.

* Edmund Cardinal Szoka, Cardinal, President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State

Members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard at the Bronze Door in Vatican City

In the mission territories of the Third World, he emphasized the necessity of training native priests to quickly replace the European missionaries, and founded the Pontifical Oriental Institute of Studies and the Coptic College in the Vatican.

The Honourable Artillery Company was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1537 by King Henry VIII and is the second oldest military organisation in the world ( behind the Vatican ’ s Pontifical Swiss Guard ).

* The Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei The Vatican department which deals with relations with traditionalists

He studied histology and crystallography at the University of Florence ( Italy ) as well as theology and philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University in the Vatican ( from 1942 to 1946 ), and medieval history in Salzburg.

In 1974, he went to the Pontifical North American College in Rome, where he attended lectures on the Second Vatican Council given by his future successor, Edward Egan.

The Pontifical Anthem or Papal Anthem is the official anthem of the Pope, which serves also as the anthem of the Holy See and the Vatican City State.

The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State requires that appointees to the state's legislative body, the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, be cardinals.

He was mainly concerned with questions of ecumenism, however also serving as president of the Vatican Secretariat for Non-Believers ( which in 1993 was united with the Pontifical Council for Culture ) from April 6, 1965 until his resignation on June 27, 1980.

* Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences

* September 21 – The Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico is founded in Mexico City ( Mexico ), being the second officially established university in the Americas.

After this, he went to the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico in Mexico City for further study, earning his degree in philosophy and theology in 1773.

McCloskey expressed his desire to minister to the victims of the cholera epidemic in New York City, but Bishop Dubois instead sent him to Rome to strengthen his health and to further his studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University and University of the Sapienza ( 1834 – 1837 ).

He is currently President Emeritus of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and President Emeritus of the Governatorate of Vatican City State, having previously served as Bishop of Gaylord from 1971 to 1981 and Archbishop of Detroit from 1981 to 1990.

On October 14, 1997, Cardinal Szoka was named President of the Governorate of Vatican City State, and on February 22, 2001, President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State.

During the sede vacante period, the former Secretary acts as a member of a commission with the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church and the former President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, which exercises some of the functions of the head of state of the Vatican City until a new Pope is elected.

### The Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State

* Vatican City, President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State