Surviving medieval art is primarily religious in focus and funded largely by the State, Roman Catholic or Orthodox church, powerful ecclesiastical individuals, or wealthy secular patrons.

* Adena, L. The ' Jesus Cult ' and the Roman State in the Third Century, Clio History Journal, 2008.

* Tarcisio Bertone, Cardinal Bishop of Frascati, Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church

The Church became overwhelmingly Gentile sometime in the 4th century, the era of Constantine I and Christianity and the birth of the State church of the Roman Empire.

The identification between State and law is but a special normative principle introduced by ( public ) Roman law, which according to some, like Maitland, was for this very reason to be treated as the quintessential “ law of tyranny ”.

* 1934 – Tarcisio Bertone, Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church

In the history of Christianity, the First seven Ecumenical Councils, from the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) to the Second Council of Nicaea ( 787 ), represent an attempt to reach an orthodox consensus and to unify Christendom under the State church of the Roman Empire.

* New York State classifies felonies by letter, with some classes divided into sub-classes by Roman numeral ; classes range from Class E ( encompassing the least severe felonies ) through Classes D, C, B, and A – II up to Class A – I ( encompassing the most severe ).

The Roman Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level, including the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, eleven Pontifical Councils, and seven Pontifical Commissions.

Laycock ( Britannia the Failed State, 2008 ) has investigated this process of fragmentation and emphasised elements of continuity from the British tribes in the pre-Roman and Roman periods to the kingdoms that formed in the post-Roman period.

Modern examples include the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia and the pope of the Roman Catholic Church, who serves as Sovereign of the Vatican City State and is elected to a life term by the College of Cardinals.

Although there was a larger Papal State, it was created in its present form by the 1929 Lateran treaties between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church.

The official list of titles of the Pope, in the order in which they are given in the Annuario Pontificio, is: Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of Vatican City, Servant of the Servants of God.

* Graeme Clark, " Christians and the Roman State 193 – 324 "

The Roman Curia can be loosely compared to cabinets in governments of countries with a Western form of governance, but only the Second Section of the Secretariat of State, known also as the Section for Relations with States, the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State and the Congregation for Catholic Education, can be directly compared with specific ministries of a civil government.

The offices of the Vatican City State are not part of the Roman Curia, which is composed only of offices of the Holy See.

The Secretariat of State is the oldest dicastery in the Roman Curia, the government of the Roman Catholic Church.

* Aemilianus is proclaimed " enemy of the State " by the Roman Senate.

Although Odoacer was an Arian Christian, he rarely intervened in the affairs of the orthodox and trinitarian State church of the Roman Empire.

All mainstream Protestants generally date their doctrinal separation from the Roman Catholic Church to the 16th century, occasionally called the " Magisterial Reformation " because the ruling magistrates supported them ; unlike the " Radical Reformation ", which the State did not support.

It was a form of dishonor that could be passed by the Roman Senate upon traitors or others who brought discredit to the Roman State.

The sacred flames of the hearth were believed to be indispensable for the preservation and continuity of the Roman State: Cicero states it explicitly.

The Roman worship of Apollo was adopted from the Greeks.

The archaeology, however, shows that they were largely Romanized, lived in Roman-style houses and used Roman artifacts, the Alemannic women having adopted the Roman fashion of the tunic even earlier than the men.

Church, Ministry and Sacraments in the New Testament Paternoster Press: 1993, p. 94f </ ref > He also points out that when Ignatius writes to the Romans, there is no mention of a bishop of the Roman Church, " which we may suppose had not not yet adopted the monarchical episcopate.

Once he had established himself as sole ruler of the Roman state in 30 BC, Caesar's grand-nephew and adopted son Augustus inaugurated a strategy of advancing the empire's southeastern European border to the line of the Danube from the Alps, the Dinaric Alps and Macedonia.

These preaching friars, with the authorization of Gregory IX, adopted ( with some modifications, e. g. the substitution of the " Gallican " for the " Roman " version of the Psalter ) the Breviary hitherto used exclusively by the Roman court, and with it gradually swept out of Europe all the earlier partial books ( Legendaries, Responsories ), & c., and to some extent the local Breviaries, like that of Sarum.

To that end, he adopted the title of Princeps (" first citizen ") and some years after the victory was awarded the title of Augustus by the Roman Senate.

Octavian's prestige and, more importantly, the loyalty of his legions, had been initially boosted by Julius Caesar's legacy of 44 BC, by which the then nineteen-year-old Octavian had been officially adopted as the only son of the great Roman general and also established as the sole legitimate heir of his enormous wealth.

In 506, the Breviarum or " Lex Romana " of Alaric II, king of the Visigoths, adopted and consolidated the Codex Theodosianus together with assorted earlier Roman laws.

Long after the Roman census was no longer taken, the Latin word lustrum has survived, and been adopted in some modern languages, in the derived sense of a period of five years, i. e. half a decennium.

What began with rules (" canons ") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew ( Old Testament ), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

The Roman army adopted the technology for their troops in the form of the lorica hamata which was used as a primary form of armour through the Imperial period.

Even apart from documents drawn up jointly with other churches, it has sometimes, in view of the central position it attributes to the See of Rome, adopted the adjective " Roman " for the whole church, Eastern as well as Western, as in the papal encyclicals Divini illius Magistri and Humani generis.

* 1041 – The adopted son of Empress Zoe of Byzantium succeeds to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V.

Churches in western continental Europe used a late Roman method until the late 8th century during the reign of Charlemagne, when they finally adopted the Alexandrian method.

Roman poets, particularly Ovid, adopted the same form in Latin many years later.

The name derived from Julius Caesar's cognomen " Caesar ": this cognomen was adopted by all Roman emperors, exclusively by the ruling monarch after the Julio-Claudian dynasty had died out.

During the 13th century Thomas Aquinas adopted the Aristotelian position that the senses are essential to mind into scholasticism, making it a dogma of Roman Catholic belief.

Lacking a strong general to control the by-now mostly barbarian Roman Army, Honorius could do little to attack Alaric's forces directly, and apparently adopted the only strategy he could in the situation: wait passively for the Visigoths to grow weary and spend the time marshalling what forces he could.

Early in the 4th century, Constantinople became the capital of the East Roman Empire and Christianity was adopted as the official religion.

Departing from Roman military traditions, Fabius adopted the strategy named after him: avoiding open battle, while placing several Roman armies in Hannibal ’ s vicinity in order to watch and limit his movements.

In the 4th century it was successively adopted as the state religion by Armenia in 301, Georgia in 319, Aksumite Empire in 325, and then the Roman Empire in 380.

The Decree of Canopus, which was issued by the pharaoh Ptolemy III, Euergetes of Ancient Egypt in 239 BC, decreed a solar leap day system ; an Egyptian leap year was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus successfully instituted a reformed Alexandrian calendar.