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The Roman historians Suetonius and Cassius Dio record that in 23 BC, Augustus prepared a rationarium ( account ) which listed public revenues, the amounts of cash in the aerarium ( treasury ), in the provincial fisci ( tax officials ), and in the hands of the publicani ( public contractors ); and that it included the names of the freedmen and slaves from whom a detailed account could be obtained.
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Roman and historians
Most historians, including Edward Gibbon, date the defeat at Manzikert as the beginning of the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Some historians define and minimize the Arian conflict as the exclusive construct of Arius and a handful of rogue bishops engaging in heresy ; but others recognize Arius as a defender of ' original ' Christianity, or as providing a conservative response against the politicization of Christianity seeking union with the Roman Empire.
AUC is a year-numbering system used by some ancient Roman historians to identify particular Roman years.
It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which is called the Byzantine Empire by modern historians.
Most historians favour a site in the West Midlands, somewhere along the Roman road now known as Watling Street.
This humiliating treaty, the contemporary spread of plague with its devastating effects and the chaotic situation in the East with the Sassanian invasions left Gallus with a very bad reputation amongst the latter Roman historians.
* Dexippus, Scythica, ( fragments of a lost work which is the main known source of all later Roman and Byzantine historians and chronographers ), in Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, entry 100, ed.
As Augustus, he would retain the trappings of a restored Republican leader ; however, historians generally view this consolidation of power and the adoption of these honorifics as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
In the beginning of Christendom, early Christianity was a religion spread in the Greek / Roman world and beyond as a 1st century Jewish sect, which historians refer to as Jewish Christianity.
This campaign is derided by ancient historians with accounts of Gauls dressed up as Germanic tribesmen at his triumph and Roman troops ordered to collect seashells as " spoils of the sea ".
The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms.
Some historians have argued that mid-4th century Roman authorities, in an attempt to enforce the Nicene decision on Easter, attempted to interfere with the Jewish calendar.
The story that she and her ladies dressed as Amazons is disputed by serious historians, sometime confused with the account of King Conrad's train of ladies during this campaign ( in Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ).
The areas administered from Rome are referred to by historians the Western Roman Empire and those under the immediate authority of Constantinople called the Eastern Roman Empire or ( after the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD ) the Later Roman or Byzantine Empire.
Some historians have speculated that since Rome lacked advanced naval technology the design of the warships was probably copied verbatim from captured Carthaginian triremes and quinqueremes or from ships that had beached on Roman shores due to storms.
Roman historians recalled that twelve lictors had ceremoniously accompanied the Etruscan kings of Rome in the distant past, and sought to account for the number and to provide etymologies for the name lictor.
During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire lived on in Southeastern Europe, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire as the state was Greek, and not Latin, in language and culture.
Native Celtic peoples had been marginalized during the period of Roman Britain, and when the Romans abandoned the British Isles during the 400s, waves of Germanic peoples, known to later historians as the Anglo-Saxons, migrated to southern Britain and established a series of petty kingdoms in what would eventually develop into the Kingdom of England by AD 927.
Beyond the first few decades after the initial invasion, Roman historians generally mention Britannia only in passing.
If later, hostile historians can be believed, Elagabalus showed a disregard for Roman religious traditions and sexual taboos.
Roman and Suetonius
In AD 60 or 61, while the Roman governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was leading a campaign on the island of Anglesey off the northwest coast of Wales — Boudica led the Iceni people in revolt, along with the Trinovantes and others ,.
The crisis caused the Emperor Nero to consider withdrawing all Roman forces from Britain, but Suetonius ' eventual victory over Boudica re-secured Roman control of the province.
Suetonius took a stand at an unidentified location, probably in the West Midlands somewhere along the Roman road now known as Watling Street, in a defile with a wood behind him — but his men were heavily outnumbered.
Suetonius claims that Caligula was already cruel and vicious: he writes that, when Tiberius brought Caligula to Capri, his purpose was to allow Caligula to live in order that he "... prove the ruin of himself and of all men, and that he was rearing a viper for the Roman People and a Phaëton for the world.
Tacitus writes that the Praetorian Prefect, Macro, smothered Tiberius with a pillow to hasten Caligula's accession, much to the joy of the Roman people, while Suetonius writes that Caligula may have carried out the killing, though this is not recorded by any other ancient historian.
According to Suetonius, he was the first Roman Emperor who had demanded to be addressed as dominus et deus ( master and god ).
After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories propagating the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.
Einhard's literary model was the classical work of the Roman historian Suetonius, the Lives of the Caesars, though it is important to stress that the work is very much Einhard's own, that is to say he adapts the models and sources for his own purposes.
The ancient historical writers, chiefly Suetonius and Tacitus, write from the point of view of the Roman senatorial aristocracy, and portray the Emperors in generally negative terms, whether from preference for the Roman Republic or love of a good scandalous story.
His contemporary Suetonius wrote biographies of the 12 Roman rulers from Julius Caesar through Domitian.
His general Suetonius Paulinus crushed a revolt in Britain and also annexed the Bosporan Kingdom to the Empire, beginning the First Roman – Jewish War.
* Suetonius, Roman historian
* Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, Roman general
According to the First Century Roman historian Tacitus, she died by poisoning herself so she would not be enslaved by the Roman governor, Suetonius Paulinus.
* Suetonius Paullinus becomes a Roman Consul.
* Suetonius, Roman historian
* Suetonius, Roman historian
Upon hearing of the defeat, the Emperor Augustus, according to the Roman historian Suetonius in his work De vita Caesarum (" On the Life of the Caesars "), was so shaken by the news that he stood butting his head against the walls of his palace, repeatedly shouting:
If the palace was designed for Lucullus, then it may have only been in use for a few years, for the Roman historian Suetonius records that Lucullus was executed by the delusional emperor Domitian in or shortly after AD 93.
The ancient Roman sources, particularly Tacitus and Suetonius, portray Messalina as extremely lustful, but also insulting, disgraceful, cruel, and avaricious ; they claimed her negative qualities were a result of her inbreeding.
According to Suetonius, the Roman Emperor Caligula " gave orders that such statues of the gods as were especially famous for their sanctity or for their artistic merit, including that of Zeus at Olympia, should be brought from Greece, in order to remove their heads and put his own in their place.
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