This they easily crossed because they knew where the firm ground and the easy passages in this region were to be found ; but the Romans in attempting to follow them were not so successful.

Concrete, as the Romans knew it, was a new and revolutionary material.

Similarly, the Romans knew that adding horse hair made concrete less liable to crack while it hardened and adding blood made it more frost-resistant.

It seems that, having apparently dealt with the threat of a Gaulo-Carthaginian invasion ( and perhaps they knew that the original Carthaginian commander had been killed ), the Romans lulled themselves into a false sense of security.

Because they knew that they could not defeat the Carthaginians in the traditional tactics of ramming and sinking enemy ships, the Romans added the corvus, an assault bridge, to Roman ships.

The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin, as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix, which translates into English as " fertile countryside ".

While some cultures considered the knowledge of the dead to be unlimited, ancient Greeks and Romans believed that individual shades knew only certain things.

The Romans knew several varieties such as venus, ram, and punic chickpeas.

Protrepticus ( Exhortation to the Greeks ) ( c. 190 ) IV-" Another new deity was added to the number with great religious pomp in Egypt, and was near being so in Greece by the king of the Romans, who deified Antinous 130CE, whom he loved as Zeus loved Ganymede, and whose beauty was of a very rare order: for lust is not easily restrained, destitute as it is of fear ; and men now observe the sacred nights of Antinous, the shameful character of which the lover who spent them with him knew well.

The celebrity of Baden dates back to the days of the Romans, who knew it by the name of Thermae Pannonicae, and remains of their occupation still exist.

While both the ancient Greeks and Romans knew of algae, and the ancient Chinese even cultivated certain varieties as food, the scientific study of algae began in the late 18th century with the description and naming of Fucus maximus ( now Ecklonia maxima ) in 1757 by Pehr Osbeck.

The Romans knew of both and often referred to either as just " piper ".

St Paul in his Epistle to the Romans written after AD 44, expressed his intention to avoid " building on someone else's foundation ", by visiting Spain, suggesting that he knew of no previous evangelization in Hispania.

Communications could be long distance, but whether any Irish knew of the Romans at this time is uncertain.

However, it still may be that the Romans knew the river by this name when the praenomen came into existence.

The Roman historian Tacitus, in his book chronicling the life of his father-in-law, Agricola, describes how the Romans knew that Britain ( which Agricola was commander of ) was an island.

Civilis saw his chance and before the Romans knew what was happening, his troops besieged Castra Vetera once more.

Adrian Goldsworthy has maintained that it was highly unlikely and that although the Romans knew war with Syracuse was almost a certainty, they believed their military would deter or swiftly defeat any opposition in Sicily

The Romans knew it as Tifernum Tiberinum (" Tifernum on the Tiber ") or Civitas Tiberina.

In the night, Hannibal left the city carrying the useless cavalry horses and sailed to the harbour of Drepana, before the Romans knew what was happening.

The Romans knew something of cryptography ( e. g., the Caesar cipher and its variations ).

The members of the leading faction in Tarentum, the democrats under Philocharis or Ainesias, were against Rome, because they knew that if the Romans entered Taranto the Greeks would lose their independence.

It was the " Great Mother ", Cybele, as the Greeks and Romans knew her, who was originally worshiped in the mountains of Phrygia, where she was known as " Mountain Mother ".

But the Romans clearly knew the concept of zero occurring in any place value, row or column.

Although probably on friendly terms with the Romans in the early 1st century, there is little evidence of the Peucini until ca.

The absence of native British literature during the early part of the first millennium means that Britain owes its knowledge of Boudica's rebellion solely to the writings of the Romans.

Calcium ( from Latin, genitive calcis, meaning " lime ") was known as early as the first century when the Ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide.

The oracle was also known to the early Romans.

This early date, only a few decades after the departure of the Romans, also suggests that more of Roman civilization may have survived into Anglo-Saxon rule in Kent, than in other areas.

The majority of scholars writing on Romans propose the letter was written in late 55 / early 56 or late 56 / early 57.

There is evidence of prehistoric settlements at the site of the town: flint arrowheads and Bronze Age artefacts have been found ; Iron Age forts have been excavated on both the East and West Hills suggests an early move to the safety of the valley in between, so that the settlement was already a port when the Romans arrived in Britain for the first time in 55 BC.

After mentioning that this fish was sacred to Hecate, Alan Davidson writes, " Cicero, Horace, Juvenal, Martial, Pliny, Seneca and Suetonius have left abundant and interesting testimony to the red mullet fever which began to affect wealthy Romans during the last years of the Republic and really gripped them in the early Empire.

Music and theatre scholars studying the history and anthropology of Semitic and early Judeo-Christian culture have discovered common links in theatrical and musical activity between the classical cultures of the Hebrews and those of later Greeks and Romans.

Ancient Romans such as Pliny ( N. H. 5. 10 ) thought that the river near Timbuktu was part of the Nile River, a belief also held by Ibn Battuta, while early European explorers thought that it flowed west and joined the Senegal River.

Rome had a large congregation early in the apostolic period whom Paul the Apostle addressed in his Epistle to the Romans, and according to tradition Paul was martyred there.

The Po river is first certainly identified in the Graeco-Roman historians and geographers of the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire, long after the valley had been occupied successively by prehistoric and historic peoples: Ligures, Etruscans, Celts, Veneti, Umbri, and Romans.

Romans still called their state " Res Publica " in the era of the early emperors.

His most significant early decision was to make peace with the Parthians, but many thought that the terms were degrading to the Romans.

The Romans and their early enemies would force prisoners to walk underneath a ' yoke of spears ', which humiliated them.

Rome was founded within or adjacent to Etruscan territory, and there is considerable evidence that early Rome was dominated by Etruscans until the Romans sacked Veii in 396 BC.

Although it is often thought of as a British native wild flower, or to have been brought to the British Isles by the Romans, it was probably introduced around the early sixteenth century and is currently not a protected species in the UK.

Although Sassari was founded in the early Middle Ages, the surrounding area has been inhabited since the Neolithic age, and throughout ancient history, by the Nuragics and the Romans.

Production of Tyrian Purple for use as a fabric dye began as early as 1200 BCE by the Phoenicians, and was continued by the Greeks and Romans until 1453 CE, with the fall of Constantinople.

The family kiss was traditional with the Romans and kisses of affection are often mentioned by the early Greeks, as when Odysseus, on reaching his home, meets his faithful shepherds.

The Battle of Lake Benacus was fought along the banks of Lake Garda in northern Italy, which was known to the Romans as Benacus, in early 269 AD, between the army under the command of the Roman Emperor Claudius II and the Germanic tribes of the Alamanni and Juthungi.

Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.

The Romans, in order to keep their hold on Carthage, refuse to accept the early payment of the indemnity.

According to early historians John of Fordun and Boethius, Carlisle existed before the arrival of the Romans in Britain and was one of the strongest British towns at the time.