As a Russian Formalist, many of Shklovsky ’ s examples use Russian authors and Russian dialects: “ And currently Maxim Gorky is changing his diction from the old literary language to the new literary colloquialism of Leskov.

This idea of " defamiliarizing the ordinary " ( or " making the familiar strange ," a strategy commonly credited to Russian Formalist critic Viktor Shklovsky ) played an important part in Rand's design choices.

Furthermore, the Russian Formalist film theorists perceived immanence as a specific method of discussing the limits of ability for a technological object.

" On Realism in Art " in Readings in Russian Poetics: Formalist and Structuralist.

Two general principles underlie the Formalist study of literature: first, literature itself, or rather, those of its features that distinguish it from other human activities, must constitute the object of inquiry of literary theory ; second, " literary facts " have to be prioritized over the metaphysical commitments of literary criticism, whether philosophical, aesthetic or psychological ( Steiner, " Russian Formalism " 16 ).

" Literary History: Russian Formalist Views, 1916-1928.

" In Search of Literary Science the Russian Formalist Tradition.

Even then, in the late 20s, despite rising criticism of the OBERIU performances and diatribes against the avant-garde in the press, Kharms nurtured a fantasy of uniting the progressive artists and writers of the time ( Malevich, Filonov, Terentiev, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Kaverin, Zamyatin ) with leading Russian Formalist critics ( Tynianov, Shklovsky, Eikhenbaum, Ginzburg, etc .,) and a younger generation of writers ( all from the OBERIU crowd — Alexander Vvedensky, Konstantin Vaginov, Nikolai Zabolotsky, Igor Bakhterev ), to form a cohesive cultural movement of Left Art.

The term Verfremdungseffekt is rooted in the Russian Formalist notion of the device of making strange (), which literary critic Viktor Shklovsky claims is the essence of all art.

Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays.

We stood under a gigantic tree in the rolling country just outside of Moscow looking at silent flowers on the grave of a Russian poet and writer who cherished the love for his country to the point of foregoing the highest international honor.

* 1812 – Alexander Herzen, Russian writer ( d. 1870 )

* 1902 – Veniamin Kaverin, Russian writer ( d. 1989 )

* 1871 – Leonid Andreyev, Russian writer ( d. 1919 )

* 1803 – Vladimir Odoevsky, Russian philosopher and writer ( d. 1869 )

* 2008 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer ( b. 1918 )

* 1958 – Victor Shenderovich, Russian writer

* 1682 – Avvakum, Russian priest and writer ( b. 1621 )

* 1930 – Vladimir Mayakovsky, Russian writer ( b. 1893 )

* 1903 – Nicolas Nabokov, Russian composer and writer ( d. 1978 )

" A writer has died ," he began, " who, together with Pushkin, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy, forms part of the glory of Russian literature.

* 1766 – Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, Russian writer ( d. 1826 )

* 1918 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer and Soviet dissident, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 2008 )

* 1988 – Yuli Daniel, Russian writer ( b. 1925 )

* 1937 – Eduard Uspensky, Russian writer

In 1999, the bicentennial year of Russian poet and writer Alexander Pushkin, Hofstadter published a verse translation of Pushkin's classic novel-in-verse Eugene Onegin.

* 1904 – Yevgenia Ginzburg, Russian writer ( d. 1977 )

* 1964 – Dmitri Lipskerov, Russian writer

* 2008 – Yegor Letov, Russian song writer and singer ( Grazhdanskaya Oborona ) ( b. 1964 )

* 1944 – Arsen Kotsoyev, Russian writer ( b. 1872 )

* 1831 – Nikolai Leskov, Russian writer ( d. 1895 )

The Russian writer Dostoevsky ( himself a problem gambler ) portrays in his novella The Gambler the psychological implications of gambling and how gambling can affect gamblers.

During the last years of the Russian Empire, in the early 20th century, many authors continued to write in the gothic fiction genre, including historian and historical fiction writer Alexander Valentinovich Amfiteatrov, Leonid Nikolaievich Andreyev, who developed psychological characterization, symbolist Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov, Alexander Grin, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin.

Russian writer Vadim Erlikman, for example, makes the following estimates: executions, 1. 5 million ; gulags, 5 million ; deportations, 1. 7 million out of 7. 5 million deported ; and POWs and German civilians, 1 milliona total of about 9 million victims of repression.

* 1872 – Arsen Kotsoyev, Russian writer ( d. 1944 )

* 1891 – Viktor Zhirmunsky, Russian historian and linguist ( d. 1971 )

* 1804 – Viktor Bunyakovsky, Russian mathematician ( d. 1889 )

* 1957 – Viktor Markin, Russian athlete

St. Nestor the Chronicler, the first Russian historians | Russian historiographer ( by Viktor Vasnetsov ).

* 1971 – Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky, Russian literary historian, linguist ( b. 1891 )

* 1976 – Viktor Maslov, Russian racing driver

Chernenko's illness was first acknowledged publicly on 22nd February 1985 during a televised election rally in Kuibyshev Borough of northeast Moscow, where the General Secretary stood as candidate for the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR, when Politburo member Viktor Grishin revealed that the General Secretary was absent in accordance with doctors ' advice.

* 1834 – Viktor Hartmann, Russian architect and painter ( d. 1873 )

* 1941 – Viktor Zubkov, Russian politician, 37th Prime Minister of Russia

In 1972 Aleksandr Baryshnikov set his first USSR record using a new putting style, the spin (" круговой мах " in Russian ), invented by his coach Viktor Alexeyev.

** Viktor Chukarin, Russian Olympic gymnast ( b. 1921 )

** Viktor Markin, Russian athlete

* January 31 – Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky, Russian literary historian, linguist ( b. 1891 )

* August 2 – Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky, Russian literary historian, linguist ( d. 1971 )

* June 19 – Viktor Patsayev, Russian cosmonaut ( d. 1971 )

* December 3 – Viktor Gorbatko, Russian cosmonaut

In Russia, Viktor Hartmann, Viktor Vasnetsov and other artists associated with Abramtsevo Colony sought to revive the quality of medieval Russian decorative arts quite independently from the movement in Great Britain.

On July 28, 1993, one of the leaders of the Russian Society of Crimea, Viktor Prusakov, stated that his organisation was ready for an armed mutiny and establishment of the Russian administration in Sevastopol.

Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12, 000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.

Viktor Yanukovych, the incumbent Prime Minister, supported by both Kuchma and by the Russian Federation, wanted closer ties with Russia.