Professor Archie Cochrane, a Scottish epidemiologist, through his book Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services ( 1972 ) and subsequent advocacy, caused increasing acceptance of the concepts behind evidence-based practice.

It is not essential for candidates to do a Sixth year if they wish to attend a Scottish university ; so long as they have obtained adequate Higher grades in fifth year they may apply and receive acceptance, though this is conditional on being successful in the examinations.

As Communities Minister, Alexander fought hard to bring about the repeal of Section 2A ( the Scottish equivalent of Section 28 ) in order to contribute to social acceptance and greater equality for the LGBT community by removing a ban on the promotion of homosexuality by local authorities.

He continued after the execution of Charles I to press the acceptance on Charles II of the Scottish proposals.

Arbitration by Edward I of England awarded the throne to Balliol, but when Edward subsequently attempted to conquer Scotland, Robert de Brus ' grandson and namesake took the throne as king and maintained Scottish independence ; Bruce's success led to his acceptance as rightful king and Balliol's reign was disregarded as an usurpation ; this established proximity of blood as a valid principle in the Scottish royal succession, although precedent and legislation also had a role.

The persecution ended with the accession of William II in 1688 and the acceptance of Scottish Presbyterianism by the 1690 Act of Settlement.

When the two English ambassadors present at court, Thomas Magnus and Roger Radclyff, objected that she should not attack her lawful husband she responded in anger, telling them to " go home and not meddle with Scottish matters.

Magnus offering recognition of Donald's rights to the throne, while Donald would withdraw all Scottish claims to the area.

* St. Magnus ' Church, Greenfield Place ( part of the Scottish Episcopal Church ).

Modernist composers active during this period include Scottish composer James MacMillan ( who draws on sources as diverse as plainchant, South American ' liberation theology ', Scottish folksongs, and Polish avant-garde techniques of the 1960s ), Finnish composers Erkki Salmenhaara, Henrik Otto Donner, and Magnus Lindberg ,, Italian composer Franco Donatoni and English composer Jonathan Harvey,

On 16 December 1263 King Håkon died while fighting the Scottish king over the Hebrides, and Magnus became the ruler of Norway.

It was the site of the Battle of Largs in 1263, in which parts of a Scottish army attacked a small force of Norwegians attempting to salvage ships from a fleet carrying the armies of King Magnus Olafsson of Mann and the Isles and his liege lord King Haakon IV of Norway, beached during a storm.

" Magnús Barelegs ’ Expeditions to the West ”, Scottish Historical Review lxvi ( 1986 ), 107-32 ; " The Death of Magnus Barelegs ", SHR lxxiii ( 1994 ), 216-22 ; and " Magnus Barelegs, the War Hollow and Downpatrick ", Ulster Local Studies 15, no. 2 ( Winter 1993 ), 40-54.

However, when Edgar of Scotland signed a treaty with Magnus Barefoot in 1098, formally acknowledged the existing situation by giving up Scottish claims to the Hebrides and Kintyre, Luing and Lismore were retained by the Scots.

The Norse royal family of Man stayed on the island for some years after the death of Magnus III and the beginning of Scottish rule.

St. Magnus is the only wholly mediaeval Scottish Cathedral, and one of the best-preserved buildings of the era in Britain.

At the marriage of Alexander to Margaret of England in 1251, Henry III of England seized the opportunity to demand from his son-in-law homage for the Scottish kingdom, but Alexander did not comply.

* 1327 – First War of Scottish Independence: James Douglas leads a raid into Weardale and almost kills Edward III of England.

The dukedom was created in 1702 by Queen Anne ; John Churchill, whose wife was a favourite of the queen, had earlier been made Lord Churchill of Eyemouth in the Scottish peerage ( 1682 ), which became extinct with his death, and Earl of Marlborough ( 1689 ) by King William III.

In 1328, Edward III signed the Treaty of Northampton acknowledging Scottish independence under the rule of Robert the Bruce.

In 1468 the last significant acquisition of Scottish territory occurred when James III married Margaret of Denmark, receiving the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands in payment of her dowry.

He also had a powerful claim to the Scottish throne through his descent from Donald III on his father's side and David I on his mother's side.

Robert I was originally buried in Dunfermline Abbey, traditional resting-place of Scottish monarchs since the reign of Malcolm III.

During the reign of Rama III ( 1824 – 1851 ,) a Scottish trader had experimental coins struck in England at the king's behest, Though not adopted for use, the name of the country put on these first coins was Muang Thai, not Siam.

Arbroath Abbey was founded ( 1178 ), and the bishopric of Argyll established ( c. 1192 ) in the same year as papal confirmation of the Scottish church by Pope Celestine III.

From 1795 to 1797, he wrote his only play, The Borderers, a verse tragedy set during the reign of King Henry III of England when Englishmen of the north country were in conflict with Scottish rovers.

* July 19 – Battle of Halidon Hill: Edward III defeats Sir Archibald Douglas, during the last of the Wars of Scottish Independence.

* 1286 – March 19 – King Alexander III of Scotland dies in a horse accident with Queen Yolande de Dreux's unborn child and the 3-year-old Margaret, Maid of Norway as heirs ; this sets the stage for the First war of Scottish Independence and increased influence of England over Scotland.

* May 10 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England in mediating resolution of the succession crisis created by the death of King Alexander III of Scotland five years earlier.

* March 19 – King Alexander III of Scotland dies in a horse accident with only Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland's unborn child and 3-year-old Margaret, Maid of Norway as heirs ; this sets the stage for the First War of Scottish Independence and increased influence of England over Scotland.

But Edward III, despite having given his name to the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton, was determined to avenge the humiliation by the Scots and he could count on the assistance of Edward Balliol, the son of John Balliol and a claimant to the Scottish throne.

Edward III also had the support of a group of Scottish nobles, led by Balliol and Henry Beaumont, known as the ' Disinherited.

In the late autumn of 1335, Strathbogie, dispossessed Earl of Atholl, and Edward III set out to destroy Scottish resistance by dispossessing and killing the Scottish freeholders.

He also backed an attempt by Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, brother of King James III of Scotland, to take the Scottish throne in 1482.

Under this treaty, Isabella's daughter Joan would marry David Bruce ( heir apparent to the Scottish throne ) and Edward III would renounce any claims on Scottish lands, in exchange for the promise of Scottish military aid against any enemy except the French, and £ 20, 000 in compensation for the raids across northern England.

* Synod at Scone: Scottish Christian pastors unite for gospel reformation without the interference or authority of Pope Sergius III in Rome.

Douglas's absence from his power base in the Lothians and the Scottish marches encouraged Henry Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and Sir David Fleming of Biggar, both firm supporters of Robert III, to take full advantage to become the principal political force in the area.

The Scottish forces reached the south coast of England at the port of Dover where in September 1216, Alexander paid homage to the pretender Prince Louis of France for his lands in England, chosen by the barons to replace King John.

* 1640 – Second Bishop's War: King Charles I's English army loses to a Scottish Covenanter force at the Battle of Newburn.

Arbroath Abbey, in the Scottish town of Arbroath, was founded in 1178 by King William the Lion for a group of Tironensian Benedictine monks from Kelso Abbey.

Gibson portrays William Wallace, a 13th-century Scottish warrior who led the Scots in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England.

In his fictional historical essay " The Hyborian Age ", Howard describes how the people of Atlantis — the land where his character King Kull originated — had to move east after a great cataclysm changed the face of the world and sank their island, settling where Ireland and Scotland would eventually be located, Thus they are ( in Howard's work ) the ancestors of the Irish and Scottish ( the Celtic Gaels ) and not the Picts, the other ancestor of modern Scots who also appear in Howard's work.

Scotland's King of Arms is traditionally responsible for granting arms to Commonwealth citizens of Scottish descent.

The others were a letter from the King of Scots, Robert I, and a letter from four Scottish bishops which all presumably made similar points.

The Declaration made a number of much-debated rhetorical points: that Scotland had always been independent, indeed for longer than England ; that Edward I of England had unjustly attacked Scotland and perpetrated atrocities ; that Robert the Bruce had delivered the Scottish nation from this peril ; and, most controversially, that the independence of Scotland was the prerogative of the Scottish people, rather than the King of Scots.

There were exceptions to this rule however, such as the full-sized elves who appear in Lord Dunsany's The King of Elfland's Daughter as well as Northern English and Scottish Lowlands folklore ( as seen in such tales as The Queen of Elfan's Nourice and other local variants ).

King James I & VI as he was styled became the first monarch to rule the entire island of Great Britain, although it was merely a union of the English and Scottish crowns, and both countries remained separate political entities until 1707.

In Scottish heraldry, the Lord Lyon King of Arms in the Act of 1672 is empowered to grant arms to " vertuous and well deserving persons.

Scott's " staging " of the royal Visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822 and the king's wearing of tartan, resulted in a massive upsurge in demand for kilts and tartans that could not be met by the Scottish linen industry.

" This particular line of criticism also misses the obvious parallels that existed between the story's background ( England conquered by the Normans in 1066, when they killed Saxon King Harold at Hastings, about 130 years previously ) and the prevailing situation in Scott's native Scotland ( Scotland's union with England in 1707 – about the same length of time had elapsed before Scott's writing and the resurgence in his time of Scottish nationalism evidenced by the cult of Robert Burns, the famous poet who deliberately chose to work in Scots vernacular though he was an educated man and spoke modern English eloquently ).

* 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle – King Edward I of England takes the stronghold using the War Wolf.

* 1298 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Falkirk – King Edward I of England and his longbowmen defeat William Wallace and his Scottish schiltrons outside the town of Falkirk.

Macbeth is Shakespeare ’ s shortest and bloodiest tragedy, and tells the story of a brave Scottish general named Macbeth who receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland.

While many today would say that any misfortune surrounding a production is mere coincidence, actors and other theatre people often consider it bad luck to mention Macbeth by name while inside a theatre, and sometimes refer to it indirectly, for example as " the Scottish play ", or " MacBee ", or when referring to the character and not the play, " Mr. and Mrs. M ", or " The Scottish King ".

Because of its Scottish theme, the play is sometimes said to have been written for, and perhaps debuted for, King James ; however, no external evidence supports this hypothesis.

Scottish author Nigel Tranter based one of his historical novels on the historical figure, MacBeth the King.