In January 1918, the Senate of the newly independent Finland, under Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, appointed Mannerheim as Commander-in-Chief of Finland's almost nonexistent army, which was then not much more than some locally set up White Guards.

Svinhufvud was the first Head of State of independent Finland, first as Chairman of the Senate, and then subsequently as Protector of State or Regent.

Svinhufvud was appointed as Chairman of the Senate on November 27, 1917, and was a key figure in the announcement of Finland's declaration of independence on December 6, 1917.

On May 18, Svinhufvud became Protector of State or Regent, retaining this post as Head of State after he stood down as Chairman of the Senate on May 27.

From the date of Finland's independence on 6 December 1917 until the end of the Finnish Civil War in May 1918, Per Evind Svinhufvud was the head of state of White Finland in his capacity as Chairman of the Senate.

The Senate, led by Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, proposed a Declaration of Independence, which the Parliament adopted on December 6, 1917.

Svinhufvud played a key role in the birth of a new parliamentary system in 1905 and he was elected as a Young Finnish Party member of the new Parliament in 1906.

Svinhufvud went on to serve as a member of Parliament on four occasions ( 1907 – 1908, 1908 – 1914, 1917, and 1930 – 1931 ).

On the other hand, when a right-wing Conservative member of Parliament, Edwin Linkomies, proposed in 1934 that Finland abandon parliamentarism in favour of a government led by the President and that the President be given an absolute veto power over the laws passed by the Parliament, Svinhufvud opposed his ideas.

Finally, on 27 November the conservatives tried to hold onto power with the appointment of a purely conservative cabinet, led by Pehr Evind Svinhufvud.

As a result, Svinhufvud and his senate delegation won Lenin's concession of sovereignty on 31 December 1917.

The president of Finland Pehr Evind Svinhufvud died in Luumäki on February 29, 1944.

The government ordered them arrested, and after a speech by president Svinhufvud on March 2 the situation gradually settled down.

A new cabinet was put together by Svinhufvud which did not include a single socialist, a body confirmed by parliament on November 24 by a vote of 100 to 80.

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad ( commonly P. E. Svinhufvud ), December 15, 1861 – February 29, 1944 ) was the first Head of State of independent Finland 1918 and third President of Finland from 1931 to 1937.

* Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Regent ( 18 May 191812 December 1918 )

As a conservative who was strong in his opposition to communism and the Left in general, Svinhufvud did not become a President embraced by all the people, although as the amiable Ukko-Pekka ( Old Man Pete ), he did enjoy wide popularity.

Svinhufvud strongly supported it, because he believed that it could effectively fight the Great Depression ( which it did, generally speaking ), he believed that Kivimäki had a strong personality like himself, and possibly because he hoped that the Agrarians and Swedish People's Party would let the Kivimäki government remain in office as a lesser evil, the greater evil being an Agrarian-Social Democratic government.

When news of the February Revolution reached Svinhufvud, he walked to the town's police station and bluntly announced, " The person who sent me here has been arrested.

Kallio was elected president with the votes of centrist ( Agrarian and Progressive ) and social democratic coalition which wanted to ensure that President Svinhufvud would not be re-elected.

The Finnish answer was mainly legislative and constitutional resistance, of which Svinhufvud became a central figure as a judge in the Court of Appeals.

Bobrikov demanded that they be stopped, and when this did not happen, he used a decree which the Finns regarded as illegal to dismiss sixteen officials of the court, including Svinhufvud.

Svinhufvud refused to obey the orders of the Russian procurator Konstantin Kazansky, which he considered illegal, and this led to his removal from office as a judge and being exiled to Tomsk in Siberia in November 1914.

In 1937 Presidential election the Agrarian League candidate Kyösti Kallio was elected president with the votes of centrist ( Agrarian and Progressive ) and social-democratic coalition which wanted to ensure that President Svinhufvud would not be re-elected.

On March 2 President Svinhufvud gave a radio speech in which he urged the militiamen to return home and promised that only the leaders would be punished.

Chairman Pehr Svinhufvud and Jalmar Castrén had to travel through Estonia, Poland, Germany and Sweden to reach White Finland.

The provisional head of state of White Finland was Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, chairman of the senate at the time, and its military was commanded by Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.

* 1861 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Finnish politician ( d. 1944 )

* 1944 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, President of Finland ( b. 1861 )

The Social Democrats voted against the Svinhufvud proposal while presenting an alternative declaration of independence containing no substantial differences.

Svinhufvud, Juhani Arajärvi, J. Castren, Alexander Frey, E. Y.

* February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland.

** Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Prime Minister and President of Finland ( d. 1944 )

The Lapua Movement is condemned by conservative Finnish President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud in a radio speech.

After his stepmother's death in 1768, his father married for a third time ; Anna Christina Svinhufvud, in 1770.

He became an Agrarian minister in the Senates of Oskari Tokoi, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud and Juho Kusti Paasikivi.

After President Pehr Evind Svinhufvud was elected in 1931, he appointed Mannerheim as chairman of Finland's Defence Council.

At the same time as when Paasikivi arrived in Stockholm, it became known that President Svinhufvud retained his aversion for Parliamentarism and ( after pressure from Paasikivi's Conservative Party ) had declined to appoint a Cabinet with Social Democrats as Ministers.

In the late autumn of 1930, Relander realized he would not be re-elected, and during the winter of 1930 – 31 he sabotaged the prospects of his former Agrarian League colleague and rival Kyösti Kallio, so that Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Relander's former Prime Minister, was elected.

Ståhlberg was a National Progressive Party candidate in the 1931 Presidential election, eventually losing to Pehr Evind Svinhufvud by only two votes in the third ballot.

The bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate ( seventeen-member body appointed by the Governor General ) and the House of Representatives ( seventeen seats ; members are elected by proportional representation to serve five-year terms ).

In Australia's Federal Parliament, the ACT is represented by four federal members: two members of the House of Representatives ; the Division of Fraser and the Division of Canberra and is one of only two territories to be represented in the Senate, with two Senators ( the other being the Northern Territory ).

Freundel Stuart, and his Cabinet ; ( Parliament ) as legislature, divided into two chambers ( Senate and House of Assembly ), and an independent judiciary.

Another factor related to the number of Senate seats is that a constitutional amendment in the early 20th century mandated that no province can have fewer Members of Parliament than it has senators.

This formula specifically applies to amendments related to the proportionate representation in Parliament, powers, selection, and composition of the Senate, the Supreme Court and the addition of provinces or territories.

The Parliament of the third republic is also bicameral, with a National Assembly and a Senate.

The February Revolution offered the Finnish Social Democrats momentum: they had the exceptional absolute majority in the Parliament and a narrow dominance in the Senate.

Conservatives were alarmed by the continuous increase of the socialists ’ support during 1899-1916, which had climaxed in 1917 with their dominance in the Parliament and Senate, without the offsetting control of the emperor and Russian administration.

The " Power Act " incorporated a plan by the Social Democrats to substantially increase and concentrate the power of Parliament, as a reaction to the non-parliamentary and conservative leadership of the Finnish Senate between 1906-1916.

Svinhufvud's Senate proposed Finland's declaration of independence, which the Parliament adopted on 6 December 1917.

Political power was to be concentrated in Parliament, with a lesser role for the Senate.

Grenada is governed under a parliamentary system based on the British model ; it has a governor general, a prime minister and a cabinet, and a bicameral Parliament with an elected House of Representatives and an appointed Senate.

The Constitution describes the Parliament of the Commonwealth as consisting of the Queen, the Senate and the House of Representatives.

The Constitutional Council shall be consulted with regard to such measures. Parliament shall sit as of right. The National Assembly shall not be dissolved during the exercise of such emergency powers. After thirty days of the exercise of such emergency powers, the matter may be referred to the Constitutional Council by the President of the National Assembly, the President of the Senate, sixty Members of the National Assembly or sixty Senators, so as to decide if the conditions laid down in paragraph one still apply.

In October the government became embroiled in another embarrassing controversy over the alleged misuse of VIP aircraft, which came to a head when John Gorton ( Government Leader in the Senate ) tabled documents which showed that Holt had unintentionally misled Parliament in his earlier answers on the matter.

On October 4, 1966, the Kingdom of Lesotho attained full independence, governed by a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral Parliament consisting of a Senate and an elected National Assembly.

Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament, the Senate and the National Assembly.

Whereas, the Parliament consists of the Dewan Negara ( Upper House / House of Senate ) and Dewan Rakyat ( Lower House / House of Representatives ).

His grandfather, Simon Fraser, emigrated from Nova Scotia in 1853, becoming a successful pastoralist and speculator, as well as a member of the Victorian Parliament, the Federation Conventions of 1897 – 98 and the Australian Senate.

Appointed to the Senate at the age of 26, she was the youngest woman ever to become a member of the Parliament of Australia, until Sarah Hanson-Young was elected in 2007.

* Parliament of Romania ( consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate )

The Parliament was bicameral, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives.

Under the 1976 republican Constitution, the British monarch was replaced as head of state by a President chosen by an electoral college composed of the members of the bicameral Parliament, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Besides, the Congress of France-the name given to the body created when both houses of the French Parliament, the National Assembly and the Senate, meet-gathers in the Château de Versailles to vote on revisions to the Constitution.