* Targum Jonathan ben Uzziel on the Nevi ' im ( The Prophets )

But in the Aramaic Targum there are very few Persian words, because after the middle of the third century the Targumim on the Pentateuch and the Prophets were accepted as authoritative and received a fixed textual form in the Babylonian schools.

& Gordon, Robert P. The Targum of the Minor Prophets.

He edited the Aramaic translation ( known as the Targum ) of the Prophets according to the Codex Reuchlinianus preserved at Carlsruhe, Prophetae chaldaice ( 1872 ), the Hagiographa chaldaice ( 1874 ), an Arabic translation of the Gospels, Die vier Evangelien, arabisch aus der Wiener Handschrift herausgegeben ( 1864 ), a Syriac translation of the Old Testament Apocrypha, Libri V. T. apocryphi syriace ( 1865 ), a Coptic translation of the Pentateuch, Der Pentateuch koptisch ( 1867 ), and a part of the Lucianic text of the Septuagint, which he was able to reconstruct from manuscripts for nearly half the Old Testament.

The Targum connects the name with the Persian word for " star ", ستاره setareh, explaining that Esther was so named for being as beautiful as the Morning Star.

Some statements found in rabbinic literature ( Radak – R. David Kimkhi – in his commentary on Ezekiel 1: 3, based on Targum Yerushalmi ) posits that Ezekiel was the son of Jeremiah, who was ( also ) called " Buzi " because he was despised by the Jews.

It is not composed in the vernacular Aramaic, however, but rather in a " literary, jargon Aramaic " that was used in the academies, and is identical to the dialect of the Targum.

Because of the large number of merchant-scholars who came from throughout the Jewish world to attend the great fairs in Troyes, Rashi was able to compare different manuscripts and readings in Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, Midrash, Targum, and the writings of the Geonim, and determine which readings should be preferred.

In a Rabbinical account ( e. g. Targum Sheni ), Solomon was accustomed to ordering the living creatures of the world to dance before him ( Rabbinical accounts say that Solomon had been given control over all living things by Yahweh ), but one day upon discovering that the mountain-cock or hoopoe ( Hebrew name: shade ) was absent, he summoned it to him, and the bird told him that it had been searching for somewhere new.

Besides denoting the translations of the bible, the term Targum also denote the oral rendering of Bible lections in synagogue, while the translator of the Bible was simply called as hammeturgem ( he who translates ).

In the synagogues of talmudic times, Targum Onkelos was read alternately with the Torah, verse by verse, and Targum Jonathan was read alternately with the selection from Nevi ' im ( i. e. the Haftarah ).

In post-talmudic times, when most Jewish communities had ceased speaking Aramaic, the public reading of Targum along with the Torah and Haftarah was abandoned in most communities.

The private study requirement to review the Targum was never entirely relaxed, even when Jewish communities had largely ceased speaking Aramaic, and the Targum never ceased to be a major source for Jewish exegesis.

The Talmud ( Megilah 3a ) states  The Targum of the Pentateuch was composed by Onkelos the proselyte under the from the mouths of R. Eleazar and R. Joshua.

There are also a variety of western targumim on the Torah, each of which was traditionally called Targum Yerushalmi (" Jerusalem Targum ").

An important one of these was mistakenly labeled " Targum Jonathan " in later printed versions ( though all medieval authorities refer to it by its correct name ).

Unfortunately, it was then mistitled as a manuscript of Targum Onkelos until 1949, when Alejandro Díez Macho noticed that it differed significantly from Targum Onkelos.

Although there is an indication in Targum Lamentations that " Zechariah son of Iddo " was killed in the Temple ,< ref > Targum on Lam 2: 20: " Is it right to kill priest and prophet in the Temple of the Lord, as when you killed Zechariah son of Iddo, the High Priest and faithful prophet in the Temple of the Lord on the Day of Atonement because he told you not to do evil before the Lord?

The Samaritan Targum, composed in the Samaritan dialect of Aramaic, is the earliest translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch.

At the same time the Septuagint translates the last clause of Malachi 1: 1, " by the hand of his messenger ," and the Targum reads, " by the hand of my angel, whose name is called Ezra the scribe.

Instead, Jews used Hebrew / Aramaic Targum manuscripts later compiled by the Masoretes ; and authoritative Aramaic translations, such as those of Onkelos and Rabbi Yonathan ben Uziel.

Nevertheless, later halakhic authorities argued that the requirement to privately review the targum might also be met by reading a translation in the current vernacular in place of the official Targum, or else by studying an important commentary containing midrashic interpretation ( especially that of Rashi ).

Of these Targum Neofiti I is by far the largest.

A city by this name located in Israel does appear, however, in Targum Onkelos, Targum Yonatan, Mishnah, Babylonian Talmud and several Midrashim.

* The infinite chain: Torah, masorah, and man, Nathan T. Lopes Cardozo ( Targum Press Distributed by Philipp Feldheim, 1989 ).

Its creation was motivated by the same need to translate the Pentateuch into the Aramaic language spoken by the community which led to the creation of Jewish Targums such as Targum Onkelos.

The Samaritan Targum has a complex textual tradition represented by manuscripts belonging to one of three fundamental text types exhibiting substantial divergences from one another.

Extant manuscripts of the Targum are " extremely difficult to use " on account of scribal errors caused by a faulty understanding of Hebrew on the part of the Targum's translators and a faulty understanding of Aramaic on the part of later copyists.

Manuscripts containing this translation are notable for their bilingual or trilingual character ; the Arabic text is accompanied by the original Samaritan Hebrew in a parallel column and sometimes the Aramaic text of the Samaritan Targum in a third.

The teaching of Tanakh, Hebrew Bible, is usually only done on the high school level, and students read the Weekly Torah portion by themselves ( known as the obligation of Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum, " Hebrew Bible twice and Aramaic Targum once ").

According to the THC Ministry, identification of cannabis specifically as an ingredient of the holy anointing oil, can be found in the Torah ( Five Books of Moses ), Exodus 30: 23 ; contrary to the translation of the Septuagint and supported by both Aramaic translations ( the Targum and the Peshitta ).

The following rabbis are known to have lived at Évreux: Samuel ben Shneor, praised by his student Isaac of Corbeil as the " Prince of Évreux ", one of the most celebrated tosafists ; Moses of Évreux, brother of Samuel, author of the Tosafot of Évreux ; Isaac of Évreux ; Judah ben Shneor, or Judah the Elder, author of liturgical poems ; Meïr ben Shneor ; Samuel ben Judah ; Nathan ben Jacob, father of Jacob ben Nathan, who in 1357 copied the five Megillot with the Targum for Moses ben Samuel.

This too refers to Targum Onkelos on the public Torah reading and to Targum Jonathan on the haftarot from Nevi ' im.

The Septuagint, the Vulgate and the Targum of Jonathan render this as Carthage.

* The Septuagint and the Vulgate in several passages translate it with Carthage, apparently following a Jewish tradition found in the Targum of Jonathan (" Afriki ", i. e., Carthage ).

The Targum Sheni gives his genealogy in more detail, as follows: " Mordecai, son of Ya ' ir, son of Shim ' i, son of Shmida, son of Baana, son of Eila, son of Micah, son of Mephibosheth, son of Jonathan, son of Saul, son of Kish, son of Aviel, son of Tzror, son of Bechorath, son of Aphiah, son of Sh ' charim, son of Uziah, son of Sheshak, son of Michael, son of Elyael, son of Amihud, son of Shephatya, son of Psuel, son of Pison, son of Malikh, son of Jerubaal, son of Yerucham, son of Chananya, son of Zavdi, son of Elpo ' al, son of Shimri, son of Zecharya, son of Merimoth, son of Hushim, son of Sh ' chora, son of ' Azza, son of Gera, son of Benjamin, son of Jacob the firstborn, whose name is called Israel.

Jannes and Jambres are mentioned in the Old Testament Targum Jonathan Exodus 7: 11-8: 19.

There is, however, no " official " eastern ( Babylonian ) targum to Ketuvim, equivalent to Targum Onkelos on the Torah and Targum Jonathan on Nevi ' im.

In fact, the Babylonian Talmud explicitly notes the lack of a Targum to Ketuvim, explaining that Jonathan ben Uzziel was divinely prevented from completing his translation of the Bible.

According to the great Biblical commentator Rashi, Kiryat Arba (" Town of Arba ") means either the town ( kirya ) of Arba, the giant who had three sons, or the town of the four giants: Anak ( the son of Arba ) and his three sons-Ahiman, Sheshai and Talmi-who are described as being the sons of a " giant " in: " On the way through the Negev, they ( Joshua and Caleb ) came to Hebron where saw Ahiman, Sheshai and Talmi, descendants of the Giant ( ha-anak )..." Some say that Anak (" Giant ", see Anak ) is a proper name ( Targum Jonathan and the Septuagint ), and that he, Anak, may have been the father of the three others mentioned in the Book of Numbers as living in Hebron, previously known as " Kiryat Arba.

Targum Jonathan ( תרגום יונתן בן עוזיאל )-otherwise referred to as Targum Yonasan / Yonatan is the official eastern ( Babylonian ) targum to the Nevi ' im.

The language of Targum Jonathan is Aramaic.

In Talmudic times ( and to this day in Yemenite Jewish communities ) Targum Jonathan was read as a verse-by-verse translation alternatively with the Hebrew verses of the haftarah in the synagogue.

Thus, when the Talmud states that " a person should complete his portions of scripture along with the community, reading the scripture twice and the targum once " ( Berakhot 8a-b ), the passage may be taken to refer to Targum Jonathan ( as well as to Targum Onkelos on the Torah ).

it: Targum Jonathan

But because of a printer's mistake it was later labeled Targum Jonathan, in reference to Jonathan ben Uzziel.