However, due to the absence of reinforcement, its tensile strength was far lower than modern reinforced concrete, and its mode of application was also different:

The agricultural sector is hampered by the absence of modern farming equipment and techniques, erratic rainfall, exhausted soils, and lack of financial services and investment.

One important difference in modern field hockey is the absence of an offside rule.

The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity ; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics.

The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity ; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics.

Latham Sholes's 1878 QWERTY keyboard layoutThe QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent includes a few differences from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts.

In modern times, the Vice President rarely presides over day-to-day matters in the Senate ; in his place, the Senate chooses a President pro tempore ( or " president for a time ") to preside in the Vice President's absence ; the Senate normally selects the longest-serving senator in the majority party.

However, critics differ on this interpretation, with the absence of modern urban amenities such as automobiles being noted.

" People also kissed the earth for joy on returning to their native land after a lengthened absence, as when Agamemnon returned from the Trojan War Nyrop points out, however, that in modern times the ceremonious kiss of respect " has gone clean out of fashion in the most civilised countries ," and it is only retained in the Church, and that in many cases " the practice would be offensive or ridiculous.

Interestingly, modern quantum theory agrees that space is not the void, there is the concept of quantum foam which still exists in the absence of all else, although Albert Einstein's general relativity no longer agrees with Newton's concept of an absolute space.

Morpheus escapes in the modern day and, after avenging himself upon his captors, sets about rebuilding his kingdom, which has fallen into disrepair in his absence.

Very little non-Christian music from this period survived, due to its suppression by the Church and the absence of music notation ; however, folk music of modern Europe probably has roots at least as far back as the Middle Ages.

However, since this grouping is not based on common linguistic innovations, but rather on the absence of the High German consonant shift and Anglo-Frisian features, modern linguistic reference books do not group them together.

The Nejdi dialect is seen by some to be the least foreign-influenced of all modern Arabic dialects, due to the isolated location and harsh climate of the Nejdi plateau, as well as the apparent absence of any substratum from a previous language.

During the interval between the acceptance of evolution and the rise of modern understanding of genetics, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence.

It is thus not so much an absence of skill or hostility toward tradition that defines conceptual art as an evident disregard for conventional, modern notions of authorial presence and individual artistic expression ( or genius ).

In addition to the absence of jaws, modern agnathans are characterised by absence of paired fins ; the presence of a notochord both in larvae and adults ; and seven or more paired gill pouches.

Because of the phylogenetic uncertainties surrounding this close-knit group in the absence of a good fossil record, some refrain from splitting them up into distinct species ; most modern authors do so however.

Despite absence of compelling evidence as to the ethnicity of the Funanese, modern scholar Michael Vickery has stated that " on present evidence it is impossible to assert that Funan as an area and its dominant groups were anything but Khmer ".

Flag grabbing is the traditional way for ancient race officials in China to definitively determine a winner in the absence of modern photo finish and electronic timing equipment.

The term ' modern jive ' was adopted, despite the absence of chasse or triple step ( typical of " real " jive forms ).

Concurrent RCU readers can then continue accessing the old versions, and can dispense with the atomic operations, memory barriers, and cache misses that are so expensive on modern SMP computer systems, even in absence of lock contention.

It can be for example an identifiable rule of thumb, a convention, a literary motif, an organization that is employed in literature and storytelling, or the absence of them.

Liang argues that the 19th Century saw the prolific authorship of literary works in the absence of meaningful copyright that benefited the author.

Liminal was created in the absence of an undergraduate literary journal and continues to bring poetry and prose to the University community.

Juri Lotman supports the text's authenticity, based on the absence of a number of semiotic elements in the Russian Classicist literary tradition before the publication of the Tale.

It is possible to assume that the marriage was a little difficult in the beginning owing to the marked absence of Louisa Halhed from the public and literary life of Halhed in the early years of their marriage but soon it was to become the strongest of bonds and the most faithful one for the difficult times that lay ahead of Halhed.

For the post-structuralist the writer must be present in a kind of absence, or ‘ dead ’, according to Barthes ; just as the reader is absent in a kind of presence at the ‘ moment ’ of the literary utterance.

At the award of the 2006 prizes, Cormac McCarthy's publisher commented positively on the selection process noting that, in the absence of a sponsor and literary or media figures amongst the judging panel, the decision is made by "... students and professors, whose only real agenda can be great books and great writing ".

There are others who highlight the absence of historical and literary evidence for the change in new year.

In the absence of a national literary culture, private salons formed around upper-class women such as Marie de Medici and Marguerite de Valois, devoting themselves to discussions of literature and society.

In the absence of conventions, there was no formal nomination process.

Conspicuous by his absence was Leonard Nimoy, who declined to return due to a marketing issue over the Spock character, his displeasure over Roddenberry's screening of Star Trek blooper footage at various conventions and obligations to the play Equus, although early scripts included him.

In addition, changing Constitutional conventions have led to significant changes in the structure of Chinese government in the absence of changes in the text of the Constitution.

The absence of women in the social life and the nomadic conventions in the Turkish society made the concept of restaurant alien.

Lord Vetinari was particularly interested in the classical arts and, ( in flagrant defiance of the Guild's conventions of style ,) camouflage, though he was failed in his stealth examination ( due to the examiner's belief that he had used trickery and his apparent absence in classes ).

After twelve years ' absence from the national conventions of the Democratic Party, Yancey attended the Charleston convention in April 1860.

This is the primary function of the imagination operating in the absence of the original experiential stimulus by which the images were first appropriated.

Mark stopped the car and switched off the lights and they sat looking at the water, which, there being no moon out, at first could be distinguished from the sky only by an absence of stars.

The new Council was itself inescapably of political meaning, which was most clearly revealed in the absence of any U.N.F.P. members and the presence of several Istiqlal leaders.

For expository purposes, this is best treated as a model which spells out the conditions under which an important industry affected with the public interest would find it profitable to raise wages even in the absence of union pressures for higher wages.

Psychical blindness is a condition in which there is a total absence of visual memory-images, a condition in which, for example, one is unable to remember something just seen or to conjure up a memory-picture of the visible appearance of a well-known friend in his absence.

In the absence of a truly adequate conceptuality in which the gospel can be expressed, the unavoidable need to demythologize it makes use of whatever resources are at hand -- and this usually means one or another of the various forms of `` folk religion '' current in the situation.

The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived.

A simple form of AM, often used for digital communications, is on-off keying: a type of amplitude-shift keying in which binary data is represented by the presence or absence of a carrier.

In Central and South America, the alligator family is represented by five species of the genus Caiman, which differs from the alligator by the absence of a bony septum between the nostrils, and the ventral armour is composed of overlapping bony scutes, each of which is formed of two parts united by a suture.

Another example is the adiabatic flame temperature, which is the temperature that would be achieved by a flame in the absence of heat loss to the surroundings.

Alfred, according to Asser, insisted upon reviewing contested judgments made by his ealdormen and reeves, and " would carefully look into nearly all the judgements which were passed in his absence anywhere in the realm, to see whether they were just or unjust.

Antibacterial resistance may impose a biological cost, thereby reducing fitness of resistant strains, which can limit the spread of antibacterial-resistant bacteria, for example, in the absence of antibacterial compounds.

The length of coast-line is and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is shown by the fact that Europe, which covers only, has a coastline of.

There was some resistance to his accession as count, which was suppressed with the help of his mother Blanche of Castile who was acting as regent in the absence of Louis IX.

In the third century, this " concern for propriety " begins to be displaced by the concept of ' power ' to do so which means that in the absence of such a man it is " literally impossible " for a Eucharist to be celebrated.

The absence of a turret also meant that tank destroyers could be manufactured significantly cheaper, faster and more easily than the tanks on which they were based and fou8nd particular favor when production resoureces were lacking.

Withdrawal-related psychosis from antipsychotics is called " supersensitivity psychosis ", and is attributed to increased number and sensitivity of brain dopamine receptors, due to blockade of dopaminergic receptors by the antipsychotics, which often leads to exacerbated symptoms in the absence of neuroleptic medication.

The burial rites of the Italian Boii show many similarities with contemporary Bohemia, such as inhumation, which was uncommon with the other Cisalpine Gauls, or the absence of the typically western Celtic torcs.

Naveh states, " The striking feature of the blitzkrieg concept is the complete absence of a coherent theory which should have served as the general cognitive basis for the actual conduct of operations ".

This behaviour resulted in a return on assets for building societies which was at least as high as Plc banks and, in the absence of distribution, led to rapid accumulation of reserves ".