Some argue that the evidence for antipsychotics from discontinuation-relapse studies may be flawed, because they do not take into account that antipsychotics may sensitize the brain and provoke psychosis if discontinued, which may then be wrongly interpreted as a relapse of the original condition.

Evidence from comparison studies indicates that at least some individuals with schizophrenia recover from psychosis without taking antipsychotics, and may do better in the long term than those that do take antipsychotics.

Many were seen as reflections of broad underlying conflicts or maladaptive reactions to life problems, rooted in a distinction between neurosis and psychosis ( roughly, anxiety / depression broadly in touch with reality, or hallucinations / delusions appearing disconnected from reality ).

Sapir's parents had by now divorced and his father seemed to suffer from a psychosis, and made it necessary for him to leave Canada for Philadelphia, where Edward continued to support him financially.

In Lacan's analysis, Hamlet unconsciously assumes the role of phallus — the cause of his inaction — and is increasingly distanced from reality " by mourning, fantasy, narcissism and psychosis ", which create holes ( or lack ( manque )) in the real, imaginary, and symbolic aspects of his psyche.

However, the term lucid was used by van Eeden in its sense of " having insight ", as in the phrase a lucid interval applied to someone in temporary remission from a psychosis, rather than as a reference to the perceptual quality of the experience, which may or may not be clear and vivid.

People suffering from psychosis are described as psychotic.

The term psychosis is very broad and can mean anything from relatively normal aberrant experiences through to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder.

Moreover a wide variety of central nervous system diseases, from both external poisons and internal physiologic illness, can produce symptoms of psychosis.

The first brain image of an individual with psychosis was completed as far back as 1935 using a technique called pneumoencephalography ( a painful and now obsolete procedure where cerebrospinal fluid is drained from around the brain and replaced with air to allow the structure of the brain to show up more clearly on an X-ray picture ).

If the spontaneous activity in the brain is not counterbalanced with information from the senses, loss from reality and psychosis may occur after some hours.

In particular, the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis has been influential and states that psychosis results from an overactivity of dopamine function in the brain, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway.

Diagnosing the presence and / or extent of psychosis may be distinguished from diagnosing the cause of psychosis.

The term stems from the Greek ψύχωσις ( psychosis ), " a giving soul or life to, animating, quickening " and that from ψυχή ( psyche ), " soul " and the suffix-ωσις (- osis ), in this case " abnormal condition ".

Psychoanalysis has a detailed account of psychosis which differs markedly from that of psychiatry.

Cycloid psychosis is psychosis that progresses from normal to full-blown usually within a few hours, not related to drug intake or brain injury.

Assuming a hereditary basis, one question from evolutionary psychology is why genes that increase the likelihood of psychosis evolved, assuming the condition would have been maladaptive from an evolutionary point of view.

A number of harmful and undesired ( adverse ) effects have been observed, including lowered life expectancy, extrapyramidal effects on motor control – including akathisia ( an inability to sit still ), trembling, and muscle weakness – weight gain, decrease in brain volume ( although this is being debated, since schizophrenia, which is often treated with antipsychotics, also causes a shrinkage of brain volume ), enlarged breasts ( gynecomastia ) in men and milk discharge in men and women ( galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinaemia ), lowered white blood cell count ( agranulocytosis ), involuntary repetitive body movements ( tardive dyskinesia ), diabetes, sexual dysfunction, a return of psychosis requiring increasing the dosage due to cells producing more neurochemicals to compensate for the drugs ( tardive psychosis ), and a potential for permanent chemical dependence leading to psychosis worse than before treatment began, if the drug dosage is ever lowered or stopped ( tardive dysphrenia ).

Temporary withdrawal symptoms including insomnia, agitation, psychosis, and motor disorders may occur during dosage reduction of antipsychotics, and can be mistaken for a return of the underlying condition.

Today, " minor tranquilizer " can refer to anxiolytic and / or hypnotic drugs such as the benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines which have some antipsychotic properties and are recommended for concurrent use with antipsychotics, and are useful for insomnia or drug-induced psychosis.

In " healthy " individuals without psychosis, doses of antipsychotics can produce the so-called " negative symptoms " ( e. g. emotional and motivational difficulties ) associated with schizophrenia.

A 2006 Cochrane Collaboration review of controlled trials of antipsychotics in old age dementia reported that one or two of the drugs showed a modest benefit compared to placebo in managing aggression or psychosis, but that this was combined with a significant increase in serious adverse events.

They concluded that this confirms that antipsychotics should not be used routinely to treat dementia patients with aggression or psychosis, but may be an option in the minority of cases where there is severe distress or risk of physical harm to others.

They can sometimes be effective in the short-term treatment of psychiatric emergencies such as acute psychosis as in schizophrenia or mania, bringing about rapid tranquillization and sedation until the effects of lithium or neuroleptics ( antipsychotics ) take effect.

The two major sources of evidence given to support this theory are that dopamine receptor D2 blocking drugs ( i. e., antipsychotics ) tend to reduce the intensity of psychotic symptoms, and that drugs which boost dopamine activity ( such as amphetamines and cocaine ) can trigger psychosis in some people ( see amphetamine psychosis ).

Second-generation ( atypical ) antipsychotics: The concept of “ atypicality ” is from the finding that the second generation antipsychotics ( SGAs ) had a greater serotonin / dopamine ratio than did earlier drugs, and might be associated with improved efficacy ( particularly for the negative symptoms of psychosis ) and reduced extrapyramidal side effects.

NMS is less likely if a person has previously been stable for a period of time on antipsychotics, especially in situations where the dose has not been changed and there are no issues of noncompliance or consumption of psychoactive substances known to worsen psychosis.

Typical antipsychotics ( sometimes referred to as first generation antipsychotics, conventional antipsychotics, classical neuroleptics, traditional antipsychotics, or major tranquilizers ) are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis ( in particular, schizophrenia ).

An antipsychotic ( or neuroleptic ) is a tranquilizing psychiatric medication primarily used to manage psychosis ( including delusions or hallucinations, as well as disordered thought ), particularly in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and is increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders ( ATC code N05A ).

At more extreme phases of bipolar I, a person in a manic state can begin to experience psychosis, or a break with reality, where thinking is affected along with mood.

Hypomanic episodes do not go to the full extremes of mania ( i. e., do not usually cause severe social or occupational impairment, and are without psychosis ), and this can make bipolar II more difficult to diagnose, since the hypomanic episodes may simply appear as a period of successful high productivity and is reported less frequently than a distressing, crippling depression.

Lorazepam is most commonly used but clonazepam is sometimes prescribed for acute psychosis or mania ; their long-term use is not recommended due to risks of dependence.

Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) is an effective treatment for catatonia as well as for most of the underlying causes ( e. g. psychosis, mania, depression ).

Kraepelin is specifically credited with the classification of what was previously considered to be a unitary concept of psychosis, into two distinct forms ( known as the Kraepelinian dichotomy ):

A manic episode is defined in the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual as a period of seven or more days ( or any period if admission to hospital is required ) of unusually and continuously effusive and open elated or irritable mood, where the mood is not caused by drugs / medication or a medical illness ( e. g., hyperthyroidism ), and ( a ) is causing obvious difficulties at work or in social relationships and activities, or ( b ) requires admission to hospital to protect the person or others, or ( c ) the person is suffering psychosis.

At the time of the Sudetenland crisis in 1938, Goebbels was well aware that the great majority of Germans did not want a war, and used every propaganda resource at his disposal to overcome what he called this " war psychosis ," by whipping up sympathy for the Sudeten Germans and hatred of the Czechs.

A very large number of medical conditions can cause psychosis, sometimes called secondary psychosis.

The involved are addressed to another structure called the CUMP – Cellule d ' urgence médico-psychologique ( medical-psychological urgency cell ); this is a resting zone, with food and possibly temporary lodging, and a psychologist to take care of the brief reactive psychosis and avoid post-traumatic stress disorder.

A sangoma is believed to be " called " to heal through an initiation illness ; symptoms involve psychosis, headache, intractable stomach pain, shoulder or neck complaints or illness that cannot be cured by conventional methods.

Another state of mind in which some argue an individual's perceptions have no physical basis in the real world is called psychosis though psychosis may have a physical basis in the real world and explanations vary.

Moira was forced to contain and imprison her son Kevin, later called Proteus, when he developed reality warping abilities and severe psychosis.

Wernicke – Korsakoff syndrome ( also called wet brain, Korsakoff's psychosis, alcoholic encephalopathy, Wernicke's disease, and encephalopathy-alcoholic ) is a manifestation of thiamine ( vitamin B < sub > 1 </ sub >) deficiency, or beriberi.

Korsakoff's syndrome ( also called Korsakoff's dementia, Korsakoff's psychosis, or amnesic-confabulatory syndrome ) is a neurological disorder caused by a lack of thiamine ( vitamin B < sub > 1 </ sub >) in the brain.

Before his psychosis, however, he wrote an impressive novel about the difficult transition to modernity in his own Gaeltacht, called An Druma Mór (" The Big Drum " or " The Fife and Drum Band "), as well as a powerful and introspective account of his travels called Mo Bhealach Féin (" My Own Way ").

Similarly, a new generation of antipsychotic drugs ( called the atypical antipsychotics ) were found to be just as effective as older typical antipsychotic drugs in controlling psychosis, but more effective in controlling the negative symptoms, despite the fact that they have lower affinity for dopamine receptors than for various other neurotransmitter receptors.

While psychogenic polydipsia is generally not found outside the population of serious mental disorders, there is some anecdotal evidence of a milder form ( typically called ' habit polydipsia ' or ' habit drinking ') that can be found in the absence of psychosis or other mental conditions.

It is also sometimes called nonsense syndrome, balderdash syndrome, syndrome of approximate answers, pseudodementia, hysterical pseudodementia or prison psychosis.

Thomson said, " It is not glorifying Myra Hindley, it's called psychosis — can anyone ever be healed is the question posed by this painting.

The so called “ psychosis ” was an attempt towards spontaneous healing, and it was a movement towards health, not a movement towards disease.

* Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, also called Korsakoff psychosis: a subacute dementia syndrome, often following Wernicke encephalopathy, characterized clinically by confabulation and clinicopathologically correlated with degeneration of the mammillary bodies.