In addition to mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean is used frequently in fields such as economics, sociology, and history, though it is used in almost every academic field to some extent.

The typical amateur astronomer is one who does not depend on the field of astronomy as a primary source of income or support, and does not have a professional degree or advanced academic training in the subject.

It is perhaps the need to balance the social and scientific aspects of archaeoastronomy which led Clive Ruggles to describe it as: "... field with academic work of high quality at one end but uncontrolled speculation bordering on lunacy at the other.

* Informatics ( academic field )

In recognition of Knuth's contributions to the field of computer science, in 1990 he was awarded the one-of-a-kind academic title of Professor of The Art of Computer Programming, which has since been revised to Professor Emeritus of The Art of Computer Programming.

Diaspora studies is an academic field established in the late twentieth century to study dispersed ethnic populations, which are often termed diaspora peoples.

An academic field, diaspora studies, has become established relating to this sense of the word.

As an academic field, philosophy of education is a " the philosophical study of education and its problems ... its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy ".

The Delsons, who hailed from the prestigious Jewish center of Vilna, considered the Sapirs to be rural upstarts and were less than impressed with Sapir's career in an unpronounceable academic field.

Ethnology has been considered an academic field since the late 18th century especially in Europe and is sometimes conceived of as any comparative study of human groups.

However, his views now dominate psychiatric research and academic psychiatry, and today the published literature in the field of psychiatry is overwhelmingly biological in its orientation.

The Universiteit van Amsterdam ( UvA ) is the world's first academic institution to have created a complete program for research and teaching in the field of Western Esotericism.

This empirical perspective is applied to the newly emerging academic field of esotericism .”

Typically to work in higher education as a member of the academic faculty, a candidate must first obtain a doctorate in an academic field, although some lower teaching positions require only a master's degree.

* Indo-European studies, an academic field

A research library is most often an academic or national library, but a large special library may have a research library within its special field and a very few of the largest public libraries also serve as research libraries.

** Social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society.

** Social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society.

In addition to the interdisciplinary nature of the academic field, popular understandings of media studies encompass:

While government regulation of the use of this professional title is less universal than for " dietician ", the field is supported by many high-level academic programs, up to and including the Doctoral level, and has its own voluntary certification board, professional associations, and peer-reviewed journals, e. g. the American Society for Nutrition and the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

The earliest academic studies of contemporary Paganism were published in the late 1970s and 1980s by scholars like Margot Adler, Marcello Truzzi and Tanya Luhrmann, although it would not be until the 1990s that the actual multidisciplinary academic field of Pagan studies properly developed, pioneered by academics such as Graham Harvey and Chas S. Clifton.

The field is a major academic discipline, and is also important for mineral and hydrocarbon extraction, knowledge about and mitigation of natural hazards, some Geotechnical engineering fields, and understanding past climates and environments.

While the Middle Ages did see secular politics in practice under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, the academic field was wholly scholastic and therefore Christian in nature.

The late 20th century also saw an expansion of the application of analytical chemistry from somewhat academic chemical questions to forensic, environmental, industrial and medical questions, such as in histology.

Bjørn Lomborg (; born 6 January 1965 ) is a Danish author, academic, and environmental writer.

In modern times, geology is commercially important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and for evaluating water resources ; it is publicly important for the prediction and understanding of natural hazards, the remediation of environmental problems, and for providing insights into past climate change ; plays a role in geotechnical engineering ; and is a major academic discipline.

Since the 1960s, academic history has seen the emergence of new approaches and topics such as social history, demographic history, ethnic history, women's history, environmental history and cultural history.

The UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security ( Bonn, Germany ) explores problems and promotes solutions related to the environmental dimension of human security and aims at academic excellence in two broad thematic areas: ( i ) vulnerability assessment, resilience analysis, risk management and adaptation strategies within linked human-environment systems and ( ii ) internal displacement and transboundary migration due to environmental push-factors.

Berea addresses environmental sustainability from both an operational and an intellectual perspective ; the school emphasizes an experiential education for its students, combining hands-on work with academic exploration.

The academic discipline offers wide-ranging studies integrating ecological social sciences with political economy ( Peet and Watts 1996, p. 6 ) in topics such as degradation and marginalization, environmental conflict, conservation and control, and environmental identities and social movements ( Robbins, 2004, p. 14 ).

Scholars in political ecology are drawn from a variety of academic disciplines, including geography, anthropology, development studies, political science, sociology, forestry, and environmental history.

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences, ( including but not limited to Ecology, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Soil Science, Geology, Atmospheric Science and Geography ) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems.

The National Center for Education Statistics in the United States defines an academic program in environmental science as follows:

In addition to his academic credentials, Dr. Hassenzahl has experience with sustainability and environmental management in both the public and private sectors.

David Suzuki, ( born March 24, 1936 ) is a Canadian academic, science broadcaster and environmental activist.

The committee's mandate includes incorporating sustainability into the academic programming, engaging in research across the disciplines into issues of environmental sustainability, utilizing ecological landscaping methods and preserving green space and building and renovating facilities in accordance with energy efficiency and sustainability principles Along with the other members of the Council of Ontario Universities, Western had signed a pledge in 2009 known as Ontario Universities Committed to a Greener World, with the objective of transforming its campus into a model of environmental responsibility.

The field is generally not regarded as a traditional profession or academic discipline in its own right, instead drawing upon areas such as economics, law, public policy, public health, management, geography, design, technology, and environmental sustainability.

The project was articulated into some 20 regional studies-each involving dozens of scientific and academic experts as well as representatives of industry and environmental groups.

Students pursuing recognised academic courses in civil engineering can join the ICE as student members-many undergraduate civil, structural and environmental degrees in the UK are " accredited by the ICE ".

Chico State is known for academic excellence in engineering, science, computing, business, technology, environmental studies, Theatre Arts and communication.

With the start of the postwar reconstruction of the war torn cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr in 1998, the Southern Branch was moved back to Khorramshahr, expanding its academic scope by admitting undergraduate students in the fields of marine biology, environmental sciences and fisheries.

Over the following 100 years the College has grown to become a comprehensive natural resources college, with academic programs and research in forest sciences, fisheries, wildlife and conservation biology, geosciences, rangeland ecology, recreation and tourism, watershed management and environmental sciences.

The Cal Poly Pomona campus also contains a rainforest greenhouse, a California ethnobotany garden, and an aquatic biology center collectively known as BioTrek, which provides environmental education to all academic levels.