The exosphere ( " outside, external, beyond ", " sphere ") is the uppermost layer of Earth's atmosphere.

Red Mars starts in 2026 with the first colonial voyage to Mars aboard the Ares, the largest interplanetary spacecraft ever built ( interestingly, from clustered space shuttle external fuel tanks which, instead of incinerating in the atmosphere, have been boosted into orbit until enough had been amassed to build a ship and also used as landing craft ) and home to a crew who are to be the first hundred Martian colonists.

In its simplest electronic form, the instrument consists of an air bottle connected to the external atmosphere through a sensitive air flow meter.

The autoignition temperature or kindling point of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark.

At constant pressure, the system is either kept open to the atmosphere or confined within a container on which a constant external pressure is exerted and under these conditions the volume of the system changes.

He reasoned that an engine powered by a fuel source already rich with oxygen would not require an external supply of oxygen ( from the atmosphere or from tanks ).

LAC's collaborative approach with external partners on a number of issues, including finding the most effective ways of preserving digital documents over time, and housing parts of the documentary heritage in the most relevant locations, will continue to foster an atmosphere for dialogue and a climate for discussion.

ZhengzhouUniversity has a lively academic atmosphere and extensive external exchanges.

* Explosion-proof ( flame-proof ) enclosures, which are designed so that an explosion within the enclosure cannot escape and ignite a surrounding explosive atmosphere ( this designation does not imply that the apparatus will survive an internal or external explosion ).

In some cases it is used as an external " door " to hangars on spacecraft, to prevent the ship's internal atmosphere from venting into outer space.

The change of pressure in the Earth's atmosphere acts as an external energy source and causes sufficient movement of the winding mechanism.

The Division of Ocean and Climate Physics ( OCP ) focuses on the links between earth ’ s climate system and its oceans, including interactions involving the atmosphere, ocean circulation, planetary volcanism, the cryosphere, the biosphere and external forces such as variability of solar radiation and even the occasional asteroid impact.

The layering of humidity in the atmosphere that is responsible for the appearance of the condensation rings also influences the shape of the condensation artifacts along the mushroom stem, as the updraft causes laminar flow.

Their burgeoning popularity may be a result of the closing of the 52nd Street burlesque joints, but curiously enough their atmosphere is almost always familial -- neighborhood saloons with a bit of epidermis.

However, Af adsorbs water from the atmosphere and this may account for the low chromium analysis and high total weight loss.

Besides, it's important to the way a painter thinks that he should move in a certain atmosphere, an atmosphere in which he may absorb the ideas of other masters, as Durer went to Italy to meet Bellini and Mantegna ''.

This may distend like a balloon and acts as a resonator, helping to transfer the sound to the atmosphere, or the water at times when the animal is submerged.

Leakage of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > back into the atmosphere may be a problem in saline-aquifer storage.

In large impacts, the expanding vapor cloud may rise to many times the scale height of the atmosphere, effectively expanding into free space.

The door is used to control the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing the air drafts, so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled.

Even if a gas absorbs radiation efficiently at a certain wavelength, this may not affect its GWP much if the atmosphere already absorbs most radiation at that wavelength.

A gas which is quickly removed from the atmosphere may initially have a large effect but for longer time periods as it has been removed becomes less important.

The model may be based on basic physics of the interactions of the ions and electrons with the neutral atmosphere and sunlight, or it may be a statistical description based on a large number of observations or a combination of physics and observations.

Campaigners also commonly argue that full cutoff fixtures are more efficient than other fixtures, since light that would otherwise have escaped into the atmosphere may instead be directed towards the ground.

Leonids in particular are well known for having bright meteors or fireballs which may be across and have of mass and punch into the atmosphere with the kinetic energy of a car hitting at.

The fireball that occurs as the meteoroid passes through the atmosphere can appear to be very bright, rivaling the sun in intensity, although most are far dimmer and may not even be noticed during daytime.

Meteoroids that experience disruption in the atmosphere may fall as meteorite showers, which can range from only a few up to thousands of separate individuals.

The habitats studied by marine biology include everything from the tiny layers of surface water in which organisms and abiotic items may be trapped in surface tension between the ocean and atmosphere, to the depths of the oceanic trenches, sometimes 10, 000 meters or more beneath the surface of the ocean.

This suggests the origin of significant amounts of amino acids may have occurred on Earth even with an atmosphere containing carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

The escape of hydrogen from Earth's atmosphere into space may have occurred at only one percent of the rate previously believed based on revised estimates of the upper atmosphere's temperature.

In Komarr, we learn that terraforming may eventually provide a breathable atmosphere outside the domed cities.

This may cause a chemical reaction between water and fuel that produces hydrogen gas which can explode after mixing with air, with severe contamination consequences, since fuel rod material may still be exposed to the atmosphere from this process.

Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere ; long waves may cover a part of the Earth very consistently, shorter waves can reflect off the ionosphere and travel around the world, and much shorter wavelengths bend or reflect very little and travel on a line of sight.

The temperature gradient may also mean Vega has a convection zone around the equator, while the remainder of the atmosphere is likely to be in almost pure radiative equilibrium.

Galileo correctly postulated air resistance as the reason that lighter objects may fall more slowly in an atmosphere.

In the more sophisticated atmosphere of today's developed nations, food-preservation techniques have sought also to bring variety, peak freshness, and optimum taste and flavor in foods at reasonable cost to the consumer.

Christie's stories are also known for their taut atmosphere and strong psychological suspense, developed from the deliberately slow pace of her prose.

Adiabatic heating also occurs in the Earth's atmosphere when an air mass descends, for example, in a katabatic wind or Foehn or chinook wind flowing downhill over a mountain range.

Whether the motion was due to an irregular distribution of the Earth's atmosphere, thus involving abnormal variations in the refractive index, was also investigated ; here, again, negative results were obtained.

Nitric acid in rainwater is an important source of fixed nitrogen for plant life, and is also produced by electrical activity in the atmosphere such as lightning.

The normal boiling point ( also called the atmospheric boiling point or the atmospheric pressure boiling point ) of a liquid is the special case in which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea level, 1 atmosphere.

The myth was perpetuated by Romeyn de Hooghe's Spiegel van Staat der Vereenigden Nederlanden (" Mirror of the State of the United Netherlands ", 1706 ), which also ran to many editions, and it was revived in the atmosphere of Romantic nationalism in the late eighteenth-century reforms that saw a short-lived Batavian Republic and, in the colony of the Dutch East Indies, a capital ( now Jakarta ) that was named Batavia.

However, under conditions of constant pressure, as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere, the measured heat change is not always equal to the internal energy change, because pressure-volume work also releases or absorbs energy.

Within Eddings ' universe, this limits their capacity for exertion in an oxygen atmosphere, and also determines the tactics used to fight them and eventually to destroy them in their encampments.

A corona is a type of plasma " atmosphere " of the Sun or other celestial body, extending millions of kilometers into space, most easily seen during a total solar eclipse, but also observable in a coronagraph.

Scientists also state that, Tropical deforestation releases 1. 5 billion tons of carbon each year into the atmosphere.

It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbon from the atmosphere.

Reanalysis provides a most comprehensive and accurate four-dimensional picture of our atmosphere and effectively allows monitoring of the variability and change of global climate, thereby contributing also to the understanding and attribution of climate change.

The major non-gas contributor to the Earth's greenhouse effect, clouds, also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on radiative properties of the atmosphere .< ref name =" kiehl197 ">

In the Solar System, Mars, Venus, and the moon Titan also exhibit greenhouse effects ; that on Venus is particularly large, due to its atmosphere, which consists mainly of dense carbon dioxide Titan has an anti-greenhouse effect, in that its atmosphere absorbs solar radiation but is relatively transparent to infrared radiation.

A glass melt can also acquire an amber color from a reducing combustion atmosphere.

The genre was also a heavy influence on more mainstream writers, such as Charles Dickens, who read Gothic novels as a teenager and incorporated their gloomy atmosphere and melodrama into his own works, shifting them to a more modern period and an urban setting, including Oliver Twist ( 1837-8 ), Bleak House ( 1854 ) ( Mighall 2003 ) and Great Expectations ( 1860 – 61 ).

It not only evokes the atmosphere of horror and dread, but also portrays the deterioration of its world.

Helium-3 was hypothesized to be a radioactive isotope until helions were also found in samples of natural helium, which is mostly helium-4, taken both from the terrestrial atmosphere and from natural gas wells.

Some of the helium-3 found in the terrestrial atmosphere is also a relic of atmospheric and underwater nuclear weapons testing, conducted by the three big nuclear powers before 1963.

The ICAO defines an International Standard Atmosphere ( also known as ICAO Standard Atmosphere ), a model of the standard variation of pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity with altitude in the Earth's atmosphere.

Residue of these elements show up when the machine is opened to atmosphere, and can also be accumulated and found concentrated in the vacuum pumps hardware.

The young Weber and his brother Alfred, who also became a sociologist and economist, thrived in this intellectual atmosphere.