Today, Carnivora is restricted to the crown group, and Carnivora and miacoids are grouped in the clade Carnivoramorpha, and the miacoids are regarded as basal carnivoramorphs.

* A clade is often said to be more basal the farther away it lies from the taxon of interest.

Some authors have used " basal " differently to mean a clade that is " more primitive " or less species-rich than its sister clade ; others consider this usage to be incorrect, and many now discourage the use of that term altogether to avoid such implications.

The early Late Miocene Nakalipithecus nakayamai, described in 2007, and perhaps also its contemporary Ouranopithecus, are basal members of this clade, not assignable to any of the three extant tribes.

Cercidiphyllaceae is now known to be a member of the woody clade of Saxifragales, along with Hamamelidaceae, Altingiaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae, but Trochodendraceae is in the basal eudicot order Trochodendrales.

More recent analyses suggest that the grouping Merostomata is not monophyletic, with Xiphosura being basal to a clade comprising Eurypterida and Arachnida.

The phylogenetic relationships of baphetids is uncertain ; while many studies have placed the group as a close relative of Amniota, other analyses have found Baphetidae to be a more basal clade of early stem tetrapods.

Within the well-supported clade of the genus Gyps which includes Asian, African, and European populations, it has been determined that this species is basal with the other species being more recent in their species divergence.

Interestingly, no fossils of Cyphophthalmi or Laniatores much older than 50 million years are known, despite the former presenting a basal clade, and the latter having probably diverged from the Dyspnoi more than 300 million years ago.

Within the second clade the respiroviruses appear to be the basal group.

The respirovirus-henipavirus-morbillivirus may be basal to the avulavirus-rubulavirus clade.

In the past, all kingfishers were placed in the Alcedinidae, but it became clear that the three subfamilies diverged early, and the Halcyonidae ( tree kingfisher | tree kingfishers ) and Cerylidae ( water kingfishers ) are usually now treated as full families, with the Alcedinidae as the basal lineage in the kingfisher clade.

2006 place them in a basal clade inside the starlings in the family Sturnidae.

A useful character for distinguishing Anacamptis from Orchis – where the Green-veined Orchid clade was formerly included – is the basal fusion of the three sepals in Anacamptis.

The mockingbirds with some thrashers seem to form one major clade, while the two other groups and the remaining thrashers seem to form the another, but the basal branching pattern is not well resolved.

But more detailed studies reveal that they are not as advanced, and many authors assign them to a basal position inside the advanced spiny-rayed Teleostei clade called Acanthomorpha, as monotypic superorder " Lampridiomorpha ".

It is the most basal clade in this group ; in other words, it is sister to the remaining eudicots.

Sabiaceae is in a clade of basal eudicots separate from Ranunculales.

The APG II system, of 2003, does accept this order and places it among the basal angiosperms, that is: it does not belong to any further clade.

Conceivably, the parrotbills and their closest relatives might be considered a distinct subfamily Paradoxornithinae ; they appear to form a fairly well-supported clade though the position in regard to basal Sylviidae is unclear ( Cibois 2003a, Jønsson & Fjeldså 2006 ).

In their suggested phylogeny, the Hoatzin was a basal member of the Metaves, a proposed clade that would include many other historically problematic bird families, such as flamingos, grebes, tropicbirds, sandgrouse and mesites.

Segment 2 consists of the basal plate with the pectines.

It consists of the functional endometrium and the basal endometrium from which the former arises.

The latter, however, are embedded in a paraphyletic catbird-Caribbean thrasher assemblage which consists of many rather basal lineages.

Internally a typical corm mostly consists of parenchyma cells rich in starch, above a circular basal node from which roots grow.

The cerebrum consists of the cerebral cortex, underlying white matter, and the basal ganglia.

The basal dendritic tree consists of three to five primary dendrites.

In vertebrates, the olfactory epithelium consists of a three basic cell types: bipolar olfactory receptor neurons ; sustentacular cells, a type of supporting cell ; and basal cells, the stem cells that continuously give rise to new olfactory receptor neurons and sustentacular cells.

Most of the basal part of the Mesozoic sequence consists of the more than thick, soft, bright-red, and Triassic-aged rocks known as the Chugwater Formation.

It is a hairless plant that grows in shallow water, consists of a fibrous root, several basal long stemmed leaves 15 – 30 cm long, and a triangular stem up to 1 m tall.

A larger category consists of related basal sauropodomorphs assigned to Thecodontosaurus.

Although most extant species of Asteraceae are herbaceous, the examination of the basal members in the family suggests that the common ancestor of the family was an arborescent plant, a tree or shrub, perhaps adapted to dry conditions, radiating from South America.

The specific name comes from the Afar word for " basal family ancestor ".

In the basal Eocene of North America, the Amblypoda were represented by extremely primitive, five-toed, small ungulates such as Periptychus and Pantolambda, each of these typifying a family.

Extant species in the Cryptobranchidae family are the modern-day members of a lineage that extends back millions of years — the earliest fossil records of a basal species date back to the Middle Jurassic and were found in volcanic deposits in northern China.

Members of the family are small to large herbaceous plants with distichous leaves with basal sheaths that overlap to form a pseudostem.

It is believed that the basal divergence amongst the Felidae family occurred about 11 million years ago.

DNA evidence seems to support an African origin for the trogons, with the African genus Apaloderma seemingly basal in the family, and the other two lineages, the Asian and American, breaking off between 20-36 million years ago.

Tarsophlebiidae is a prehistoric family of Odonatoptera that can be considered either a basal lineage of Odonata or their immediate sister taxon.

It is one of the basal families within the Poales and is unique because it is the only family within the order that has septal nectaries and inferior ovaries.

The most basal genus Brocchinia is endemic to these tepuis and is placed as the sister group to the remaining genera in the family.

Cedars share a very similar cone structure with the firs ( Abies ) and were traditionally thought to be most closely related to them, but molecular evidence supports a basal position in the family.

Later based on the floral characters, most notably the basal ovule and gynoecium which appears to be formed from a single carpel, Thorne ( 1976 ) moved it to Malvanae-Urticales, family Urticaceae.

The earlier and more basal genus Huayangosaurus from the Middle Jurassic of China ( some 165 million years ago ) predates Stegosaurus by 20 million years and is the only genus in the family Huayangosauridae.

The family also has a basal chromosome count of n = 67, versus counts of n = 23, 34 in the Lycopodiaceae.

The oxpeckers are sometimes placed here as a subfamily, but the weight of evidence has shifted towards granting them full family status as a more basal member of the Sturnidae-Mimidae group, derived from an early expansion into Africa.

Thus, a basal radiation of the Procellariiformes in the Eocene at least ( as with many modern orders of birds ) seems likely, especially given that significant anomalies in molecular evolution rates and patterns have been discovered in the entire family ( see also Leach's Storm-petrel ), and molecular dates must be considered extremely tentative.

This corresponds to the phylogeny, with one exception: the Scopuridae must be considered a basal family in the Arctoperlaria, not assignable to any of the infraorders.

It is considered a basal canid species, resembling ancestral forms of the family.

The last, however, are a basal grade of rather primitive members of this family, not closely related but simply retaining many plesiomorphic traits.

Other basal cynodonts were the procynosuchids, a family that includes Procynosuchus and Dvinia.

Sibley and Alquist in their 1990 bird taxonomy had the genera Mionectes, Leptopogon, Pseudotriccus, Poecilotriccus, Taenotriccus, Hemitriccus, Todirostrum and Corythopsis as a separate family Pipromorphidae, but although it is still thought that these genera are basal to most of the family, they are not each other ’ s closest relatives.