Stuart Kauffman was amongst the first biologists to use the metaphor of Boolean networks to model genetic regulatory networks.

For answers to such questions we must turn to the anthropologists, the biologists, the historians, the psychologists, and the sociologists.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

" Amoeboid " and " amœba " are often used interchangeably even by biologists, and especially refer to a creature moving by using pseudopodia.

His brother Julian Huxley and half-brother Andrew Huxley also became outstanding biologists.

For biologists, this includes human beings, although for the general public the term " animal " means only non-human animals.

Using Bayesian phylogeographic analysis, evolutionary biologists have proposed that the Indo-European language expansion coincided with the migration of Anatolian farmers occurring about 9000 years ago.

Street names typically follow a particular theme ; for example, the streets of Duffy are named after Australian dams and reservoirs, the streets of Dunlop are named after Australian inventions, inventors and artists and the streets of Page are named after biologists and naturalists.

These individuals and the work of other biostatisticians, mathematical biologists, and statistically inclined geneticists helped bring together evolutionary biology and genetics into a consistent, coherent whole that could begin to be quantitatively modeled.

Despite the fundamental importance and frequent necessity of statistical reasoning, there may nonetheless have been a tendency among biologists to distrust or deprecate results which are not qualitatively apparent.

" However, the vast majority of evolutionary biologists, anthropologists and paleontologists completely dismiss the possibility of the existence of sasquatch.

A team of biologists convened by the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) developed an ecological land classification system that identified fourteen biomes, called major habitat types, and further divided the world's land area into 867 terrestrial ecoregions.

The universality of this code is generally regarded by biologists as definitive evidence in favor of the theory of universal common descent.

Anthropologists Dan Sperber, Edwin Hutchins, Scott Atran, Pascal Boyer and Joseph Henrich have been involved in collaborative projects with cognitive and social psychologists, political scientists and evolutionary biologists in attempts to develop general theories of culture formation, religion and political association.

Many are visited by tourists, some are visited only by archaeologists and biologists.

Many marine biologists are now skeptical of this supposed sighting, and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber.

This stems from Gould's long-running public debate with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould and Richard Lewontin opposed, but which Dennett advocated, together with Dawkins and Steven Pinker.

Some evolutionary biologists, such as Richard Lewontin and the late Stephen Jay Gould have employed dialectical materialism in their approach, playing a precautionary heuristic role in their work.

Ernst Walter Mayr ( July 5, 1904 – February 3, 2005 ) was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists.

Although many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behaviour throughout history, the modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, joint winners of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

In the 1980s and 1990s, biologists found that microbial life has an amazing flexibility for surviving in extreme environments-niches that are extraordinarily hot, or acidic, for example-that would be completely inhospitable to complex organisms.

Science 299: 1523-1524 ( concluding that evolutionary biology is not a religion in any sense but noting that several evolutionary biologists, such as Edward O. Wilson, in their roles as citizens concerned about getting the public to deal with reality, have made statements like " evolution is a myth that is now ready to take over Christianity ").

Other eukaryotic organelles may have also evolved through endosymbiosis ; it has been proposed that cilia, flagella, centrioles, and microtubules may have originated from a symbiosis between a Spirochaete bacterium and an early eukaryotic cell, but this is not widely accepted among biologists.

Nevertheless, new interest in evolution in and around 1977 inspired developmental biologists to look more closely at Haeckel's illustrations.

Several biologists, including Sean B. Carroll of the University of Wisconsin – Madison suggest that " changes in the cis-regulatory systems of genes " are more significant than " changes in gene number or protein function ".

Bates, Wallace and Müller believed that Batesian and Müllerian mimicry provided evidence for the action of natural selection, a view which is now standard amongst biologists.

A scientific description of the silky shark was first published by the German biologists Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle under the name Carcharias ( Prionodon ) falciformis, in their 1839 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen.

Bates, Wallace and Müller believed that Batesian and Müllerian mimicry provided evidence for the action of natural selection, a view which is now standard amongst biologists.

Twenty-seven years after Rafinesque's original naming, Müller and Henle, German biologists, changed the genus name from C. taurus to Triglochis taurus.

Some evolutionary biologists, on the other hand, view it as an undirected emergent property of the ecosystem: as each individual species pursues its own self-interest, their combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change.

Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also.

Evolutionary biologists have demonstrated how such systems could have evolved, and describe Behe's claim as an argument from incredulity.

In this way, eyes are recognized by modern biologists as actually a relatively unambiguous and simple structure to evolve, and many of the major developments of the eye's evolution are believed to have taken place over only a few million years, during the Cambrian explosion.

Researchers at the USAMRIID facility, where military biologists study infectious diseases, have a promising vaccine candidate.

MIT biologists have been awarded six Nobel Prizes for their contributions to genetics, immunology, oncology, and molecular biology.

Many marine biologists are now sceptical of the supposed sighting of the flatfish, and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber.

Predictions of empirical data from the theory of common descent have been so consistent that biologists often refer to it as the " fact of evolution ".

Although biologists consider it contrary to the evidence of surviving Gondwanan lineages, geologists consider the logical possibility that Zealandia may have been completely submerged about 23 million years ago.

Some evolutionary biologists, for example Allan Wilson, have proposed that evolution in promoter or regulatory regions may be more important than changes in coding sequences over such time frames.

Other biologists have also applied punctuated equilibrium to non-sexual species, including the evolution of viruses.

Because of the difficulty in classifying subspecies morphologically, many biologists have found the concept problematic, citing issues such as:

Some evolutionary biologists have argued that while punctuated equilibrium was " of great interest to biology ", it merely modified neo-Darwinism in a manner that was fully compatible with what had been known before.

While some evolutionary biologists claim that speciation events have remained relatively constant over time, some palaeontologists such as Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould have argued that species usually remain unchanged over long stretches of time, and that speciation occurs only over relatively brief intervals, a view known as punctuated equilibrium.