Sometimes it is necessary to roughly calculate the square inch area of the opening but the calculation can usually be made with sufficient accuracy that it won't affect the final computation.

This calculation results in an enthalpy rise which is somewhat high because it assumes a mass flow equally distributed over the plug cross section whereas in reality the mass velocity is expected to be smaller in the regions of higher temperatures.

Although the Af calculation is obvious by analogy with that for gravitational field and osmotic pressure, it is interesting to confirm it by a method which can be generalized to include related effects.

The mass scale used in Table 5-1 was derived on the assumption that the motion of the glowing trail is related to the momentum transfer to the trail by the meteorite, permitting the calculation of the mass if the velocity is known ( Cook and Whipple, 1958 ).

Presumably, if the reverse is the case and the good effect is more certain than the evil result that may be forthcoming, not only must the good and the evil be prudentially weighed and found proportionate, but also calculation of the probabilities and of the degree of certainty or uncertainty in the good or evil effect must be taken into account.

The 1 / 4 abacus, which is suited to decimal calculation, appeared circa 1930, and became widespread as the Japanese abandoned hexadecimal weight calculation which was still common in China.

The use of the soroban is still taught in Japanese primary schools as part of mathematics, primarily as an aid to faster mental calculation.

" For some people, a program is only an algorithm if it stops eventually ; for others, a program is only an algorithm if it stops before a given number of calculation steps.

The 1976 definition of the astronomical unit was incomplete, in particular because it does not specify the frame of reference in which time is to be measured, but proved practical for the calculation of ephemerides: a fuller definition that is consistent with general relativity was proposed, and " vigorous debate " ensued until in August 2012 the International Astronomical Union adopted the current definition of 1 astronomical unit = 149597870700 meters.

Whenever any result is sought by its aid, the question will then arise — By what course of calculation can these results be arrived at by the machine in the shortest time?

For normal calculation a number zero is often needed, here most notably when calculating the number of years in a period that spans the epoch ; the end years need only be subtracted from each other.

The correctness of Varro's calculation has not been proven scientifically but is still used worldwide.

This calculation also includes an allowance for light-time correction, and is therefore analogous to the concept of planetary aberration.

This equation is incorrect for the calculation of drag in most cases.

* Dry basis, an expression of a calculation in which the presence of water is ignored

Sacrifice bunts ( sacrifice hits since 1954 ), which would lower a batter's on-base percentage, are not included in the calculation for on-base percentage, as bunting is an offensive strategy – often dictated by the manager – the use of which does not necessarily reflect on the batter's ability and should not be used to penalize him.

In mathematics, a binary operation on a set is a calculation involving two elements of the set ( called operands ) and producing another element of the set ( more formally, an operation whose arity is two ).

Even now, advanced radiosity calculations may be reserved for calculating the ambiance of the room, from the light reflecting off walls, floor and ceiling, without examining the contribution that complex objects make to the radiosity — or complex objects may be replaced in the radiosity calculation with simpler objects of similar size and texture.

Geometric arrangement for Fresnel's calculation Consider the case of a point source located at a point P < sub > 0 </ sub >, vibrating at a frequency f. The disturbance may be described by a complex variable U < sub > 0 </ sub > known as the complex amplitude.

In the case of a periodic function, such as a continuous, but not necessarily sinusoidal, musical tone, the Fourier transform can be simplified to the calculation of a discrete set of complex amplitudes, called Fourier series coefficients.

Every logical calculation, from the simplest to the most complex, must complete in one clock cycle.

Calculating the proper date was a complex process ( involving a lunisolar calendar ), and different calculation tables developed which resulted in different dates for the celebration of Easter.

The bomb will travel in a straight line between release and impact, eliminating all of the complex calculation and setup required in the bombsight.

Sometimes a single calculation can be achieved in several ways, all of which are algebraically equivalent in terms of ideal real or complex numbers, but in practice when performed on digital computers yield different results.

Estimating the fair price for financial instruments using the Black – Scholes model is a complex algorithmic calculation.

In English, calculation involves numbers and the word usually connotes a simple process, but computation may be done by applying specific rules, with or without numbers, and the word is chosen for more complex tasks.

The definition ( and calculation ) of the internal volume is complex ; a ship's hold can, for instance, be assessed for bulk grain ( accounting for all the air space in the hold ) or for bales ( omitting the spaces into which bulk, but not baled cargo would spill ).

Alternatively, the prefetch may be part of a complex branch prediction algorithm, where the processor tries to anticipate the result of a calculation and fetch the right instructions in advance.

As a result, complex and extended transformations of a dataset can be expressed as a chain of sub-expressions, with each link performing a segment of the calculation and passing the results to the next link in the chain.

This latter calculation is complex.

However, in practice, this service is rarely used because the calculation is more complex than the standard allows.

The calculation of eye relief is complex, though generally, the higher the magnification and the larger the intended field-of-view, the shorter the eye relief.

It may even converge to a complex root of the polynomial, because of the square root being taken in the calculation of a above may be of a negative number.

The formula for the calculation of the discount margin is more complex and and its calculation generally requires a financial calculator or a computer.

The calculation of the exact magnetic field at any point in space is mathematically complex and involves the study of Bessel functions.

Mathematically, the solution to these limitations happens through an alternative calculation of QALYs by means of operations with complex numbers rooted in the well known Pythagorean theorem.

Newton, at the time he formulated his laws of motion and of gravitation, applied them to the first analysis of perturbations, recognizing the complex difficulties of their calculation.

Video servers, with their advanced technology, have allowed for more complex replays, such as freeze frame, frame-by-frame review, replay at variable speeds, overlaying of virtual graphics, instant analysis tools such as ball speed or immediate distance calculation.

The simplest type of ab initio electronic structure calculation is the Hartree – Fock ( HF ) scheme, an extension of molecular orbital theory, in which the correlated electron – electron repulsion is not specifically taken into account ; only its average effect is included in the calculation.

This calculation depends on a number of variables, such as its performance in opinion polls and the size of its majority.

The Engset calculation is a related formula, named after its developer, T. O. Engset, used to determine the probability of congestion occurring within a telephony circuit group.

Hawking's calculation fixed the constant of proportionality at 1 / 4 ; the entropy of a black hole is one quarter its horizon area in Planck units.

Ownby says Falun Gong is differentiated by a " system of transmigration " though, " in which each organism is the reincarnation of a previous life form, its current form having been determined by karmic calculation of the moral qualities of the previous lives lived.

This program also observed a meteorite fall, the Lost City chondrite, allowing its recovery and a calculation of its orbit.

As formal conjecture about real-world issues becomes inextricably linked to automated calculation, information storage and retrieval, such knowledge becomes increasingly " exteriorised " from its knowers in the form of information.

The calculation is essentially the conversion of the equatorial polar coordinates of Mecca ( i. e. its longitude and latitude ) to its polar coordinates ( i. e. its qibla and distance ) relative to a system whose reference meridian is the great circle through the given location and the Earth's poles, and whose polar axis is the line through the location and its antipodal point.

That is, the calculation made was whether it was in any particular country's self-interest to open its borders to imports.

Because spacetime diagrams incorporate Einstein's clock synchronization, there will be a requisite " jump in time " in the calculation made by a " suddenly returning astronaut " who inherits a " new meaning of simultaneity " in keeping with that clock synchronization ( with its lattice of clocks methodology ) as explained in Spacetime Physics by John A. Wheeler.

The optical path length is a purely geometrical quantity since time is not considered in its calculation.

The term internal refers to the fact that its calculation does not incorporate environmental factors ( e. g., the interest rate or inflation ).

This program also observed a meteorite fall, the Lost City chondrite, allowing its recovery and a calculation of its orbit.

# The authenticator checks the response against its own calculation of the expected hash value.

Unable to compute its orbit with existing methods, the renowned mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss developed a new method of orbit calculation that allowed astronomers to locate it again.

The calculation assures that the sail will not knock the vessel sideways with its mast in the water, capsizing and perhaps sinking it.