Positron paths in a cloud-chamber trace the same helical path as an electron but rotate in the opposite direction with respect to the magnetic field direction due to their having the same magnitude of charge-to-mass ratio but with opposite charge and, therefore, opposite signed charge-to-mass ratios.

This phenomenon arising due to the nature of charge carriers in the conductor came to be known as the Hall effect, but it was not properly explained at the time, since the electron was experimentally discovered 18 years later.

In still others, the current is entirely due to positive charge flow.

In a semiconductor it is sometimes useful to think of the current as due to the flow of positive " holes " ( the mobile positive charge carriers that are places where the semiconductor crystal is missing a valence electron ).

: This term is used both for conventional p – n diodes used to monitor temperature due to their varying forward voltage with temperature, and for Peltier heat pumps for thermoelectric heating and cooling .. Peltier heat pumps may be made from semiconductor, though they do not have any rectifying junctions, they use the differing behaviour of charge carriers in N and P type semiconductor to move heat.

The resistance is a consequence of the motion of charge through a conductor: in metals, for example, resistance is primarily due to collisions between electrons and ions.

Even when an object's net charge is zero, charge can be distributed non-uniformly in the object ( e. g., due to an external electromagnetic field, or bound polar molecules ).

Electrophoresis is performed in buffer solutions to reduce pH changes due to the electric field, which is important because the charge of DNA and RNA depends on pH, but running for too long can exhaust the buffering capacity of the solution.

The criminal court case brought against Aristide was quietly shelved, though various members of his Lavalas party languished for years in prison without charge or trial due to similar accusations

Like all subatomic particles, hadrons are assigned quantum numbers corresponding to the representations of the Poincaré group: J < sup > PC </ sup >( m ), where J is the spin quantum number, P the intrinsic parity ( or P-parity ), and C, the charge conjugation ( or C-parity ), and the particle's mass, m. Note that the mass of a hadron has very little to do with the mass of its valence quarks ; rather, due to mass – energy equivalence, most of the mass comes from the large amount of energy associated with the strong interaction.

The net charge on the molecule is affected by pH of its surrounding environment and can become more positively or negatively charged due to the loss or gain of protons ( H < sup >+</ sup >).

RF / V ( radio frequency + vacuum ) kilns use microwave radiation to heat the kiln charge, and typically have the highest operating cost due to the heat of vaporization being provided by electricity rather than local fossil fuel or waste wood sources.

However, as the Angolan government did not continue to make the payments due to the Chinese enterprise in charge of the construction, the firm has suspended its work in 2010.

In physics, particularly electromagnetism, the Lorentz force is the force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields.

The force F acting on a particle of electric charge q with instantaneous velocity v, due to an external electric field E and magnetic field B, is given by:

The radii follow general periodic trends: they decrease across the period due to increase in the effective nuclear charge, which is not offset by the increased number of valence electrons.

The electromagnetic force ( Lorentz force ) on a particle with charge due to a combination of electric field and magnetic field ( as given by the " B-field " ) is

This latch circuit is similar to an astable multivibrator, except that there is no charge or discharge time, due to the absence of capacitors.

Neutrons ( due to their lack of charge ) are readily absorbed by a nucleus.

This means that FDG is trapped in any cell that takes it up, until it decays, since phosphorylated sugars, due to their ionic charge, cannot exit from the cell.

This polarization of the negative ion leads to a build-up of extra charge density between the two nuclei, i. e., to partial covalency.

The change in P appears as a variation of surface charge density upon the crystal faces, i. e. as a variation of the electrical field extending between the faces, since the units of surface charge density and polarization are the same, =.

The polarization of the dielectric by the applied electric field increases the capacitor's surface charge.

The change in the spontaneous polarization results in a change in the surface charge.

More electric flux exists in a medium with a high permittivity ( per unit charge ) because of polarization effects.

b. higher polarization power of ( i. e. charge size ratio ) resulting in increased covalent character of its compounds which is responsible for their solubility in organic solvents

Any dielectric material develops a dielectric polarization ( electrostatics ) when an electric field is applied, but a substance which has such a natural charge separation even in the absence of a field is called a polar material.

As the charged sector ( moving red square ) rotates to the position of the brush ( down arrow tip ) next to front disc ( upper chain near center ), it induces a polarization of charge on the conducting shaft ( upper horizontal black line ) holding the brush, attracting negative ( green ) charge to the near side ( upper square becoming green ), so that positive ( red ) charge accumulates on the far side ( across the disc, 180 degrees away ) ( upper square becoming red ).

The process repeats, with each charge polarization on A inducing polarization on B, inducing polarization on A, etc.

Vacuum polarization, a. k. a. charge screening.

Multiplying through by the charge,, converts position,, into polarization,,

There is a similarity between an electret and the dielectric layer used in capacitors ; the difference is that dielectrics in capacitors have an induced polarization that is only transient, dependent on the potential applied on the dielectric, while dielectrics with electret properties exhibit quasi-permanent charge storage or dipole polarization in addition.

Although electrets are only in a metastable state, those fashioned from very low leakage materials can retain excess charge or polarization for many years.

An electret is a stable dielectric material with a quasi-permanently embedded static electric charge ( which, due to the high resistance of the material, will not decay for time periods of up to hundreds of years ) and / or a quasi-permanently oriented dipole polarization.

The positive and negative charges in molecules separate, causing an increase in the state of polarization P. A changing state of polarization corresponds to charge movement and so is equivalent to a current.

It is nothing you can put your fingers on but the air suddenly fills with a high charge of electricity.

Even the officer in charge, be it a captain ( for small display ) or a general, is restrained by monitoring.

The other is that the charge for cabanas and parasols, though modest from an American point of view, still is a little high for many Athenians.

A road block to desirable local or borough improvements, heretofore dependent on the pocketbook vote of taxpayers and hence a drag on progress, is removed by making these a charge against the whole city instead of an assessment paid by those immediately affected.

There is no charge and no state aid.

`` There is a man named Grabski who is the foreman in charge of the bricklayers at Majdanek.

It is an answer in its way, individual and highly dramatic, to the charge that the democratic process is necessarily vicious in its campaign characteristics.

If the Department of State is to take primary responsibility for foreign policy in Washington, it follows that the ambassador is expected to take charge overseas.

Information is hereby given that Mr. Timothy Palmer of Newburyport, Mass. has agreed to take charge of the concerns of the Patentees of the Chain Bridge, in the states of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, so far as relates to the sale of Patent rights and the construction of Chain Bridges.

At some cities, this pick-up and delivery service is without additional charge, and, if you are budget-wise, when you are planning your itinerary, you will take advantage of these free delivery and collection stations in major cities within the larger European countries.

If you would feel happier with full collision insurance, there is a small additional charge, again varying from country to country and depending on the term of such insurance.

The average charge for this additional insurance coverage is roughly $1.00 a day.

The charge is variable, however, and goes as low as $.50 a day in Ireland and as high as $2.00 a day in Greece.

As in the United States, there is a flat fee-per-day rental charge plus a few cents per kilometer driven, and the per-day rate drops if the car is retained for a week.

Further, there is no mileage charge or mileage limitations when you lease a car, and you pay only the flat monthly rate plus a nominal charge for documents and insurance since the car is registered and insured individually for your trip.

Your chauffeur's expenses will average between $7.00 to $12.00 a day, but this charge is the same whether you rent a 7-passenger Cadillac limousine or a 4-passenger Peugeot or Fiat 1800.

The big spread is in the charge for each kilometer driven, being governed by the rate at which gasoline is consumed.